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plus broader responsibilities of [[software engineering]] including architecting and designing new features and applications, targeting new platforms, managing the [[Software development process|software development lifecycle]] (design, implementation, testing, and deployment), leading a team of programmers, communicating with customers, managers and other engineers, considering system stability and quality, and exploring software development methodologies.
Sometimes, a software engineer is required to have a degree in software engineering, [[computer engineering]], or computer science. Some countries legally require an engineering degree to be called ''engineer''.<ref name="UA210729">{{cite web|url=https://bootcamp.ce.arizona.edu/blog/programmer-vs-software-engineer-whats-the-difference|title=Programmer vs. Software Engineer: What's the Difference?|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=11 December 2020|website=ce.arizona.edu|publisher=University of Arizona|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020138/https://bootcamp.ce.arizona.edu/blog/programmer-vs-software-engineer-whats-the-difference/|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Heinz210223">{{cite web|url=https://builtin.com/recruiting/software-engineer-vs-programmer|title=Software Engineer Vs. Programmer: What's the Difference?|last=Heinz|first=Kate|date=23 February 2021|website=builtin.com|publisher=Built In|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020310/https://builtin.com/recruiting/software-engineer-vs-programmer|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jacob200316">{{cite web|url=https://simpleprogrammer.com/differences-software-engineer-and-programmer/|title=6 Key Differences Between a Software Engineer and a Programmer|last=Jacob|first=Freya|date=16 March 2020|website=simpleprogrammer.com|publisher=The Simple Programmer|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020139/https://simpleprogrammer.com/differences-software-engineer-and-programmer/|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>▼
▲<ref name="UA210729">{{cite web|url=https://bootcamp.ce.arizona.edu/blog/programmer-vs-software-engineer-whats-the-difference|title=Programmer vs. Software Engineer: What's the Difference?|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=11 December 2020|website=ce.arizona.edu|publisher=University of Arizona|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020138/https://bootcamp.ce.arizona.edu/blog/programmer-vs-software-engineer-whats-the-difference/|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Heinz210223">{{cite web|url=https://builtin.com/recruiting/software-engineer-vs-programmer|title=Software Engineer Vs. Programmer: What's the Difference?|last=Heinz|first=Kate|date=23 February 2021|website=builtin.com|publisher=Built In|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020310/https://builtin.com/recruiting/software-engineer-vs-programmer|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jacob200316">{{cite web|url=https://simpleprogrammer.com/differences-software-engineer-and-programmer/|title=6 Key Differences Between a Software Engineer and a Programmer|last=Jacob|first=Freya|date=16 March 2020|website=simpleprogrammer.com|publisher=The Simple Programmer|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729020139/https://simpleprogrammer.com/differences-software-engineer-and-programmer/|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
==History==
[[File:Ada Lovelace portrait.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Ada Lovelace]] is considered by many to be the first computer programmer.<ref name="Fuegi-Francis-2003"/>]]
British [[count]]ess and mathematician [[Ada Lovelace]] is often considered to be the first computer programmer.
She authored an [[algorithm]], which was [[Note G|published]] in October 1842, for calculating [[Bernoulli number]]s on the [[Charles Babbage]] [[analytical engine]].<ref name="Fuegi-Francis-2003">{{Cite journal|last1=Fuegi|first1=J.|last2=Francis|first2=J.|date=October–December 2003|title=Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|volume=25|issue=4|pages=16–26|doi=10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887 |bibcode=2003IAHC...25d..16F }}</ref>
Because the machine was not completed in her lifetime, she never experienced the algorithm in action.
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===Types of software===
Programming editors, also known as [[source code editor]]s, are text editors that are specifically designed for programmers or developers to write the source code of an application or a program. Most of these editors include features useful for programmers, which may include color [[syntax highlighting]], auto indentation, [[auto-complete]], bracket matching, [[Syntax checker|syntax check]], and allows [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. These features aid the users during coding, [[debugging]] and testing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zgmpr82/revision/4|title=BBC Bitesize - GCSE Computer Science - Programming software and the IDE - Revision 4|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923141830/http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zgmpr82/revision/4|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Globalization==
{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=December 2010}}
===Market changes in the UK===
According to [[BBC News]], 17% of computer science students could not find work in their field six months after graduation in 2009 which was the highest rate of the university subjects surveyed while 0% of medical students were unemployed in the same survey.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10477551|title='One in 10' UK graduates jobless|first=Martin|last=Shankleman|work=BBC News|date=1 July 2010|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308114340/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10477551|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Market changes in the US===
After the crash of the [[dot-com bubble]] (1999–2001) and the [[Great Recession]] (2008), many U.S. programmers were left without work or with lower wages.<ref name="bls-dotcom-2009">{{cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Amar|last2=Nunes|first2=Tony|title=After the Dot-Com Bubble: Silicon Valley High-Tech Employment and Wages in 2001 and 2008|journal=Regional Report, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=August 2009|pages=1–8|url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/archive/after-the-dot-com-bubble-silicon-valley-high-tech-employment-and-wages-in-2001-and-2008.pdf|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318063742/https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/archive/after-the-dot-com-bubble-silicon-valley-high-tech-employment-and-wages-in-2001-and-2008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Charette2013">{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-stem-crisis-is-a-myth|url-access=subscription|title=The STEM Crisis is a Myth|last=Charette|first=Robert N.|date=30 August 2013|website=[[IEEE]]|publisher=IEEE|type=opinion|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807061059/https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-stem-crisis-is-a-myth|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/electrical-engineer-salary | title=Inflation-Adjusted Income for U.S. Engineers Drops - IEEE Spectrum }}</ref> In addition, enrollment in computer-related degrees and other STEM degrees (STEM attrition)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2014001rev|title=STEM Attrition: College Students' Paths Into and Out of STEM Fields|date=26 November 2013|website=nces.ed.gov|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318064654/https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2014001rev|url-status=live}}</ref> in the US has been dropping for years, especially for women,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developers.hp.com/public/blog/hp-international-womens-week-women-computer-science-dropping-1980s|title=hp's Developer Portal | HP International Women's Week: Women in Computer Science dropping since 1980s|website=developers.hp.com|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226000310/https://developers.hp.com/public/blog/hp-international-womens-week-women-computer-science-dropping-1980s|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> which, according to Beaubouef and Mason,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beaubouef|first1=Theresa|last2=Mason|first2=John|title=Why the high attrition rate for computer science students: some thoughts and observations|journal=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin|date=June 2005|volume=37|issue=2|pages=103–106|doi=10.1145/1083431.1083474|s2cid=207157501}}</ref> could be attributed to a lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers. For programmers, the [[U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics]] (BLS) Occupational Outlook originally predicted a growth for programmers of 12 percent from 2010 to 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915165836/http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm| archive-date=15 September 2012| title=Computer Programmers : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref> and thereafter a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031.<ref name="bls-ooh"/> and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm | title=Computer Programmers : Occupational Outlook Handbook|website= U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics }}</ref> Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower.<ref name="bls-ooh"/> If domestic demand has increased, it is mainly to replace existing programmers who have retired or switched occupations.<ref name="auto"> {{Cite web |title=Software Developers, Quality Assurance Analysts, and Testers |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |language=en-us}} </ref> However, for software developers BLS projects current growth at 17%<ref name="auto"/> that is down from their prediction from 2019 to 2029 of a 22% increase in employment, from 1,469,200 to 1,785,200 jobs with a median base salary of $110,000 per year. This prediction is lower than the earlier 2010 to 2020 predicted increase of 30% for software developers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm|title=Software Developers, Quality Assurance Analysts, and Testers : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|website=www.bls.gov|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514101520/https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130901135809/http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm|archive-date = 1 September 2013|title = Software Developers : Occupational Outlook Handbook|website= U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=July 18, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Charette2013"/> Though the distinction is somewhat ambiguous, software developers engage in a wider array of aspects of application development and are generally higher skilled than programmers, making outsourcing less of a risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/technology/blog/computer-programmer-vs-software-developer/ |first1=Ashley |last1=Brooks |date=2019 |title=Computer Programmer vs. Software Developer: Decoding the Differences|website=Rasmussen University |access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730055352/https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/technology/blog/computer-programmer-vs-software-developer/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.maryville.edu/blog/software-developer-vs-programmer/|title=Comparing Two Key Careers: Software Developer vs. Programmer|website=online.maryville.edu|date=31 July 2020|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730055352/https://online.maryville.edu/blog/software-developer-vs-programmer/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another reason for the decline for programmers is their skills are being merged with other professions, such as developers, as employers increase the requirements for a position over time (i.e. [[Solution stack|Full-stack developer]]). Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in [[artificial intelligence]] might drastically<ref>{{cite news | last=Van Dam | first=Andrew | title=More than a quarter of computer-programming jobs just vanished. What happened? | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2025-03-14 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/03/14/programming-jobs-lost-artificial-intelligence/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314101535/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/03/14/programming-jobs-lost-artificial-intelligence/ | archive-date=2025-03-14 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Tan | first=Kwan Wei Kevin | title=Anthropic's CEO says that in 3 to 6 months, AI will be writing 90% of the code software developers were in charge of | website=Business Insider | date=2025-03-14 | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/anthropic-ceo-ai-90-percent-code-3-to-6-months-2025-3 }}</ref> impact the demand for future generations of Software professions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-06|title=Software engineer jobs in danger due to ChatGPT-like tools? Here's what Google CEO Sundar Pichai has to say|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/software-engineer-jobs-in-danger-due-to-chatgpt-like-tools-heres-what-google-ceo-sundar-pichai-has-to-say-376341-2023-04-06|access-date=2023-05-12|website=Business Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-25|title=ChatGPT could make these jobs obsolete|url=https://nypost.com/2023/01/25/chat-gpt-could-make-these-jobs-obsolete/|access-date=2023-05-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kay|first=Grace|title=Software engineers are panicking about being replaced by AI|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/software-engineers-tech-panicking-golden-age-over-chatgpt-ai-blind-2023-4|access-date=2023-05-12|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fowler|first=Gary|title=Council Post: How Will ChatGPT Affect Jobs?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil/2023/03/16/how-will-chatgpt-affect-jobs/|access-date=2023-05-12|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ito|first=Aki|title=ChatGPT spells the end of coding as we know it|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-technology-end-of-coding-software-developers-jobs-2023-4|access-date=2023-05-12|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first1=Jacob |last1=Zinkula |first2=Aaron |last2=Mok |title=ChatGPT may be coming for our jobs. Here are the 10 roles that AI is most likely to replace.|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-jobs-at-risk-replacement-artificial-intelligence-ai-labor-trends-2023-02|access-date=2023-05-12|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Mikaela|title=These are the tech jobs most threatened by ChatGPT and A.I.|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/15/these-are-the-tech-jobs-most-threatened-by-chatgpt-and-ai.html|access-date=2023-05-12|website=CNBC|date=15 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
===Market changes in Japan===
As of 2024 in [[Japan]], the demand for programmers is increasing rapidly due mainly to the [[Aging of Japan|aging demographics]] of their workforce and their low birth rate not being sufficient for replacement has led to more use of [[AI]] to help fill the gap.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://japan-dev.com/blog/programming-in-japan | title=Programming in Japan: What's It Really Like? }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/insights/japan-insight/ai-utilization.html | title="AI Utilization": Japan′s Unique Position to Become a World Leader | Japan Insight - Insights - Investing in Japan - Japan External Trade Organization | date=2025 }}</ref> On the other hand, despite the fact that there are more than 1.2 million programmers in Japan as of 2020, more than 40% of Japanese companies say they do not have enough skilled and qualified IT personnel, including programmers; by 2030, the number of programmers will exceed 1.6 million, but about 800,000 people, including programmers, a shortage of engineers is expected to occur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2030年に不足する79万人のIT人材は、 技術者・専門家だけとは限らない DX推進に欠かせない「3種の人財」の重要性 {{!}} ログミーBusiness |url=https://logmi.jp/brandtopics/330138 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=logmi.jp |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=kotamat |date=2022-09-15 |title=ITエンジニアが「人手不足」な理由 – 日本のITエンジニア人口と今後の不足見通し - 人材紹介マガジン |url=https://media.agent-bank.com/categories/strategy/itengineer |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=ITエンジニアが「人手不足」な理由 – 日本のITエンジニア人口と今後の不足見通し - 人材紹介マガジン |language=ja}}</ref>
== Programming education ==
{{See also|List of educational software#Computer science|l1=Programming educational software|List of free and open-source software packages#Programming language support|l2=List of open-source programming resources|List of free and open-source software packages#Cypherpunk software|l3=List of open-source cryptography and hacking tools|List of programming languages|Comparison of integrated development environments|List of open source code libraries|List of mathematical art software|Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities|Stack Overflow|List of computer books|List of computer magazines|List of software programming journals|List of programmers|Hackathon|Hackathon#Datathon|l15=Datathon|Competitive programming|Game jam}}
[[File:GitHub Codespaces side by side terminal.webp|thumb|[[GitHub Codespaces]] is an [[online integrated development environment]] that requires minimal setup to get started programming.]]
Programming education involves the teaching and learning of [[computer programming]] concepts, [[Programming language|languages]], and [[Coding best practices|practices]]. It is offered through various formats, including formal [[Bachelor of Computer Science|computer science degree programs]], [[Vocational education|vocational training]], [[Career and technical education|career and technical education centers]], [[coding bootcamp]]s, [[libraries]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Hour of Code: How We Did It, What We Learned | Programming Librarian | url=https://programminglibrarian.org/articles/hour-code-how-we-did-it-what-we-learned }}</ref> [[List of online educational resources|online courses]], and [[Autodidacticism|self-directed learning]]. Educational initiatives often focus on [[Problem solving#Computer science|problem-solving]], [[computational thinking]], [[logical thinking]], and the development of [[Algorithm|algorithms]]. In [[Primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]], programming is increasingly integrated into [[computer literacy]] curricula through initiatives such as [[Hour of Code]], [[Code Club]], [[Learn to Code]], and by getting [[computers in the classroom]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Computer Science Club leads 'Hour of Code' activities {{!}} Fredonia.edu | url=https://www.fredonia.edu/news/articles/computer-science-club-leads-%E2%80%98hour-code%E2%80%99-activities | access-date=2025-08-11 | website=www.fredonia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Computers in the Classroom | EBSCO Research Starters | url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/computer-science/computers-classroom }}</ref> At the [[higher education]] level, programming instruction may include coursework in [[software engineering]], [[data structures]], [[debugging]], [[software design]], and specialized domains such as [[game development]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[cryptography]], or [[data science]]. Numerous platforms and resources like [[List of chatbots|AI chat bots]], [[List of educational software#Computer science|educational programming software]], and [[online integrated development environment]]s have expanded access to programming education.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Ou | first1=Q. | last2=Liang | first2=W. | last3=He | first3=Z. | last4=Liu | first4=X. | last5=Yang | first5=R. | last6=Wu | first6=X. | title=Investigation and analysis of the current situation of programming education in primary and secondary schools | journal=Heliyon | date=2023 | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=e15530 | doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15530 | doi-access=free | pmid=37151627 | pmc=10161691 | bibcode=2023Heliy...915530O }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=GitHub educator: Our biggest mistake, and our opportunity | website=[[ZDNet]] | url=https://www.zdnet.com/education/github-educator-mistakes-opportunities/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The best AI for coding in 2025 (Including a new winner - and what not to use) | website=[[ZDNet]] | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-best-ai-for-coding-in-2025-including-a-new-winner-and-what-not-to-use/ }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Computer programming}}
* [[List of programmers]]
* [[List of programming languages]]
* [[Software development process]]
* [[Software engineering]]
* [[Systems architect]]
* [[Video game programmer]]
* [[996 working hour system]]
{{Clear}}
==References==
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