Urban heat island and Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types/Geography: Difference between pages

Revision as of 15:43, 22 February 2006

Revision as of 07:46, 12 July 2007

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===Geography===

An '''urban heat island''' (UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surroundings. As population centers grow in size from village to town to city, they tend to have a corresponding increase in average temperature which is more often welcome in winter months than in summertime. The [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] says: "On hot summer days, urban air can be 2-10°F [2-6°C] hotter than the surrounding countryside." Not to be confused with global warming, scientists call this phenomenon the "urban heat island effect." [http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ActionsLocalHeatIslandEffect.html]

====General geography====

*'''[[:Category:Geography stubs|Geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Geo-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Geographical term stubs|Geographical term stubs]]''' {{tl|Geo-term-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Cartography stubs|Cartography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Cartography-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Topography stubs|Topography stubs]]''' {{tl|Topography-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Oceanography stubs|Oceanography stubs]]''' {{tl|Ocean-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Marine geography stubs|Marine geography stubs]]''' {{tl|marine-geo-stub}}

====Ecoregions and protected areas====

There is no controversy about cities generally tending to be warmer than their surroundings. What is controversial about these heat islands is whether, and if so how much, this additional warmth affects ''trends'' in (global) temperature record. The current state of the science is that the effect on the global temperature trend is small to negligible—see below.

*'''[[:Category:Ecoregion stubs|Ecoregion stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Ecoregion-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Protected area stubs|Protected area stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Protected areas |*W]] | {{tl|Protected-area-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:British Columbia protected area stubs|British Columbia protected area stubs]]''' {{tl|BritishColumbia-protected-area-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Florida protected area stubs|Florida protected area stubs]]''' {{tl|Florida-protected-area-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Montana protected area stubs|Montana protected area stubs]]''' {{tl|Montana-protected-area-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Queensland protected area stubs|Queensland protected area stubs]]''' {{tl|Queensland-protected-area-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United States National Park Service stubs|United States National Park Service stubs]]''' {{tl|US-NationalParkService-stub}}

***<small>{{tl|Yosemite-stub}} feeds into this category</small>

====Buildings and structures====

Scientists compiling the [[historical temperature record]] are aware of the UHI effect, but they vary as to how significant they think it is. Some scientists (see Peterson, below) have published [[peer review]]ed papers indicating that the effect of the UHI has been overestimated, and that it does not affect the record at all. Other scientists have used various methods to compensate for it. Some advocates charge that temperature data from heat islands has been mistakenly used as evidence for the [[global warming]] theory.

*<small>''Use {{tl|struct-stub}}for SPECIFIC buildings/structures; ''</small>

*<small>''Use {{tl|architecture-stub}} for building/structure TYPES, features and architecture vocab.''</small>

*'''[[:Category:Building and structure stubs|Building and structure stubs]]''' {{tl|struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Architecture stubs|Architecture stubs]]''' [[:Category:Architect stubs|*B]] | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|architecture-stub}}

=====By ___location=====

As a result of the urban heat island effect, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between 20-40 miles downwind of cities, compared with upwind. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/weather/Story/0,2763,1516375,00.html]

*'''[[:Category:African building and structure stubs|African building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Africa-struct-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Asian building and structure stubs|Asian building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Asia-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Indian building and structure stubs|Indian building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|India-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Japanese building and structure stubs|Japanese building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Japan-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Middle Eastern building and structure stubs|Middle Eastern building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|MEast-struct-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Canadian building and structure stubs|Canadian building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Canada-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Canadian bridge (structure) stubs|Canadian bridge (structure) stubs]]''' - {{tl|Canada-bridge-struct-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:European building and structure stubs|European building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Euro-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Danish building and structure stubs|Danish building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Denmark-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:French building and structure stubs|French building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|France-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:German building and structure stubs|German building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Germany-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Irish building and structure stubs|Irish building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Ireland-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Italian building and structure stubs|Italian building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Italy-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Norwegian building and structure stubs|Norwegian building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Norway-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:People's Republic of China building and structure stubs|People's Republic of China building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|PRC-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hong Kong building and structure stubs|Hong Kong building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|HongKong-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Spanish building and structure stubs|Spanish building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Spain-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Swedish building and structure stubs|Swedish building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Sweden-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United Kingdom building and structure stubs|United Kingdom building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|UK-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:United Kingdom bridge (structure) stubs|United Kingdom bridge (structure) stubs]]''' - {{tl|UK-bridge-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:London building and structure stubs|London building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|London-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Merseyside building and structure stubs|Merseyside building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Merseyside-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Scottish building and structure stubs|Scottish building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Scotland-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Welsh building and structure stubs|Welsh building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Wales-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:West Midlands building and structure stubs|West Midlands building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|WestMidlands-struct-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Oceanian building and structure stubs|Oceanian building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Oceania-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Australian building and structure stubs|Australian building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Australia-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:New Zealand building and structure stubs|New Zealand building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|NZ-struct-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:United States building and structure stubs|United States building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|US-struct-stub}}

**<small>you can use <nowiki>{{</nowiki>''StateName''-struct-stub}} for any state</small>

**'''[[:Category:United States bridge (structure) stubs|United States bridge (structure) stubs]]''' - {{tl|US-bridge-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United States mall stubs|United States mall stubs]]''' - {{tl|US-mall-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United States power station stubs|United States power station stubs]]''' - {{tl|US-powerstation-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United States sports venue stubs|United States sports venue stubs]]''' - {{tl|US-sports-venue-stub}}

***<small>you can use <nowiki>{{</nowiki>''StateName''-sports-venue-stub}} for any state</small>

***'''[[:Category:Midwestern United States sports venue stubs|Midwestern United States sports venue stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Northeastern United States sports venue stubs|Northeastern United States sports venue stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Southern United States sports venue stubs|Southern United States sports venue stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Western United States sports venue stubs|Western United States sports venue stubs]]'''

**'''[[:Category:Midwestern United States building and structure stubs|Midwestern United States building and structure stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Illinois building and structure stubs|Illinois building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Illinois-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Indiana building and structure stubs|Indiana building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Indiana-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Iowa building and structure stubs|Iowa building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Iowa-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kansas building and structure stubs|Kansas building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Kansas-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Michigan building and structure stubs|Michigan building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Michigan-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Minnesota building and structure stubs|Minnesota building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Minnesota-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Missouri building and structure stubs|Missouri building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Missouri-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Ohio building and structure stubs|Ohio building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Ohio-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Wisconsin building and structure stubs|Wisconsin building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Wisconsin-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Northeastern United States building and structure stubs|Northeastern United States building and structure stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Connecticut building and structure stubs|Connecticut building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Connecticut-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Massachusetts building and structure stubs|Massachusetts building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Massachusetts-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New Jersey building and structure stubs|New Jersey building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|NewJersey-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New York building and structure stubs|New York building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|NewYork-struct-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:New York City building and structure stubs|New York City building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|NYC-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Pennsylvania building and structure stubs|Pennsylvania building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Pennsylvania-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Southern United States building and structure stubs|Southern United States building and structure stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Alabama building and structure stubs|Alabama building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Alabama-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Florida building and structure stubs|Florida building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Florida-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Georgia (U.S. state) building and structure stubs|Georgia (U.S. state) building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|GeorgiaUS-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kentucky building and structure stubs|Kentucky building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Kentucky-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Louisiana building and structure stubs|Louisiana building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Louisiana-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Maryland building and structure stubs|Maryland building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Maryland-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:North Carolina building and structure stubs|North Carolina building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|NorthCarolina-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South Carolina building and structure stubs|South Carolina building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|SouthCarolina-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tennessee building and structure stubs|Tennessee building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Tennessee-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Texas building and structure stubs|Texas building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Texas-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Virginia building and structure stubs|Virginia building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Virginia-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Western United States building and structure stubs|Western United States building and structure stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Arizona building and structure stubs|Arizona building and structure stubs]]''' {{tl|Arizona-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Californian building and structure stubs|California building and structure stubs]]''' {{tl|California-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Colorado building and structure stubs|Colorado building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Colorado-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Oregon building and structure stubs|Oregon building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Oregon-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Nevada building and structure stubs|Nevada building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Nevada-struct-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Washington building and structure stubs|Washington building and structure stubs]]''' - {{tl|Washington-struct-stub}}

=====By building use or type=====

==Causes of UHI==

*'''[[:Category:Bridge (structure) stubs|Bridge (structure) stubs]]''' - {{tl|bridge-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Canadian bridge (structure) stubs|Canadian bridge (structure) stubs]]''' - {{tl|Canada-bridge-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United Kingdom bridge (structure) stubs|United Kingdom bridge (structure) stubs]]''' - {{tl|UK-bridge-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United States bridge (structure) stubs|United States bridge (structure) stubs]]''' - {{tl|US-bridge-struct-stub}}

*<small>{{tl|Library-stub}} See listing in the [[#Other sciences|other sciences]] section</small>

*'''[[:Category:Mast stubs|Mast stubs]]''' {{tl|Mast-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Museum stubs|Museum stubs]]''' {{tl|Museum-stub}}

**<small>Children under {{cl|Museum stubs}} in [[#Other culture|Other culture]]</small>

*'''[[:Category:Prison stubs|Prison stubs]]''' - {{tl|prison-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Australian prison stubs|Australian prison stubs]]''' - {{tl|Australia-prison-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Pub stubs|Pub stubs]]''' {{tl|Pub-stub}}

*'''Railway stations and train depots'''

**'''[[:Category:United Kingdom railway station stubs|United Kingdom railway station stubs]]''' {{tl|UK-railstation-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:London railway station stubs|London railway station stubs]]''' {{tl|London-railstation-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South East England railway station stubs|South East England railway station stubs]]''' {{tl|SouthEastEngland-railstation-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South West England railway station stubs|South West England railway station stubs]]''' {{tl|SouthWestEngland-railstation-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:West Midlands railway station stubs|West Midlands railway station stubs]]''' {{tl|WestMidlands-railstation-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Northern Ireland railway station stubs|Northern Ireland railway station stubs]]''' {{tl|NI-railstation-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Scotland railway station stubs|Scotland railway station stubs]]''' {{tl|Scotland-railstation-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Wales railway station stubs|Wales railway station stubs]]''' {{tl|Wales-railstation-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United States train station stubs|United States train station stubs]]''' {{tl|US-railstation-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Religious building and structure stubs|Religious building and structure stubs]]''' {{tl|Reli-struct-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Church stubs|Church stubs]]''' {{tl|Church-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:United Kingdom church stubs|United Kingdom church stubs]]''' {{tl|UK-church-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Hindu temple stubs|Hindu temple stubs]]''' {{tl|Hindu-temple-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Mosque stubs|Mosque stubs]]''' {{tl|Mosque-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Synagogue stubs|Synagogue stubs]]''' {{tl|Synagogue-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Sports venue stubs|Sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Sports-venue-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ice hockey venue stubs|Ice hockey venue stubs]]''' {{tl|icehockey-venue-stub}}

**''by ___location''

**'''[[:Category:United States sports venue stubs|United States sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|US-sports-venue-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:African sports venue stubs|African sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Africa-sports-venue-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Asian sports venue stubs|Asian sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Asia-sports-venue-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Japanese sports venue stubs|Japan sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Japan-sports-venue-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:European sports venue stubs|European sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Euro-sports-venue-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:French sports venue stubs|French sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|France-sports-venue-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:German sports venue stubs|German sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Germany-sports-venue-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Italian sports venue stubs|Italy sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Italy-sports-venue-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Spanish sports venue stubs|Spanish sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Spain-sports-venue-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:United Kingdom sports venue stubs|United Kingdom sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|UK-sports-venue-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Oceanian sports venue stubs|Oceanian sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|Oceania-sports-venue-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:South American sports venue stubs|South American sports venue stubs]]''' {{tl|SouthAm-sports-venue-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Theater (structure) stubs|Theater (structure) stubs]]''' {{tl|theat-struct-stub}}

====Location-specific general stubs====

There are several causes of a UHI, as outlined in Oke (1982). The principal reason for the night-time warming is (comparatively warm) buildings blocking the view to the (radiatively cold) night sky. (See [[Thermal radiation]]) Two other reasons that UHIs occur are changes in the thermal properties of surface materials and lack of [[evapotranspiration]] in urban areas. Materials commonly used in urban areas, such as concrete and asphalt, have signicantly different thermal bulk properties (including [[heat capacity]] and [[thermal conductivity]]) and surface radiative properties ([[albedo]] and [[emissivity]]) than the surrounding rural areas. This initiates a change in the [[energy balance]] of the urban area, often causing it to reach higher temperatures (measured both on the surface and in the air) than its surroundings. The energy balance is also affected by the lack of vegetation and standing water in urban areas, which inhibits cooling by evapotranspiration.

=====Africa=====

*<small>''most categories have geo-children in [[#African_geography|African geography]]''</small>

*'''[[:Category:Africa stubs|Africa stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|African people}} | {{tl|Africa-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Algeria stubs|Algeria stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Algerian people}} | {{tl|Algeria-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Angola stubs|Angola stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Angolan people}} | {{tl|Angola-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Benin stubs|Benin stubs]]''' {{tl|Benin-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Botswana stubs|Botswana stubs]]''' {{tl|Botswana-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Burkina Faso stubs|Burkina Faso stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Burkinabé people}} | {{tl|BurkinaFaso-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Burundi stubs|Burundi stubs]]''' {{tl|Burundi-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Cape Verde stubs|Cape Verde stubs]]''' {{tl|CapeVerde-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Cameroon stubs|Cameroon stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Cameroonian people}} {{tl|Cameroon-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Central African Republic stubs|Central African Republic stubs]]''' {{tl|CentralAfricanRepublic-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Chad stubs|Chad stubs]]''' {{tl|Chad-stub}} <small>{{tl|Chad-bio-stub}} also feeds into this category</small>

**'''[[:Category:Comoros stubs|Comoros stubs]]''' {{tl|Comoros-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Côte d'Ivoire stubs|Côte d'Ivoire stubs]]''' {{tl|Coted'Ivoire-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo stubs|Democratic Republic of the Congo stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|People of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | {{tl|DRCongo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Djibouti stubs|Djibouti stubs]]''' {{tl|Djibouti-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Egypt stubs|Egypt stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Egyptian people}} | {{tl|Egypt-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Equatorial Guinea stubs|Equatorial Guinea stubs]]''' {{tl|EquatorialGuinea-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Eritrea stubs|Eritrea stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Eritrean people}} | {{tl|Eritrea-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ethiopia stubs|Ethiopia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Ethiopian people}} | {{tl|Ethiopia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Gabon stubs|Gabon stubs]]''' {{tl|Gabon-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:The Gambia stubs|The Gambia stubs]]''' {{tl|Gambia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ghana stubs|Ghana stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Ghanaian people}} | {{tl|Ghana-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Guinea stubs|Guinea stubs]]''' {{tl|Guinea-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Guinea-Bissau stubs|Guinea-Bissau stubs]]''' {{tl|GuineaBissau-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Kenya stubs|Kenya stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Kenyan people}} {{tl|Kenya-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Lesotho stubs|Lesotho stubs]]''' {{tl|Lesotho-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Liberia stubs|Liberia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Liberian people}} | {{tl|Liberia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Libya stubs|Libya stubs]]''' {{tl|Libya-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Madagascar stubs|Madagascar stubs]]''' {{tl|Madagascar-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Malawi stubs|Malawi stubs]]''' {{tl|Malawi-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Mali stubs|Mali stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Malian people}} | {{tl|Mali-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Mauritania stubs|Mauritania stubs]]''' {{tl|Mauritania-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Mauritius stubs|Mauritius stubs]]''' {{tl|Mauritius-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Morocco stubs|Morocco stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Moroccan people}} | {{tl|Morocco-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Mozambique stubs|Mozambique stubs]]''' {{tl|Mozambique-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Namibia stubs|Namibia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Namibian people}} | {{tl|Namibia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Niger stubs|Niger stubs]]''' {{tl|Niger-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nigeria stubs|Nigeria stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Nigerian people}} | {{tl|Nigeria-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Republic of the Congo stubs|Republic of the Congo stubs]]''' {{tl|RCongo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Rwanda stubs|Rwanda stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Rwandan people}} | {{tl|Rwanda-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:São Tomé and Príncipe stubs|São Tomé and Príncipe stubs]]''' {{tl|SaoTomePrincipe-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Senegal stubs|Senegal stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Senegalese people}} | {{tl|Senegal-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Seychelles stubs|Seychelles stubs]]''' {{tl|Seychelles-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Sierra Leone stubs|Sierra Leone stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Sierra Leonean people}} | {{tl|SierraLeone-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Somalia stubs|Somalia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Somali people}} | {{tl|Somalia-stub}}

***{{tl|Somaliland-stub}} feeds into this category

**'''[[:Category:South Africa stubs|South Africa stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|South African people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|SouthAfrica-stub}}

***<small>Child: {{tl|SouthAfrica-road-stub}} under [[#Transport|Transport]]</small>

***'''[[:Category:Johannesburg stubs|Johannesburg stubs]]''' {{tl|Johannesburg-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Swaziland stubs|Swaziland stubs]]''' {{tl|Swaziland-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Sudan stubs|Sudan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Sudanese people}} | {{tl|Sudan-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Tanzania stubs|Tanzania stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Tanzanian people}} | {{tl|Tanzania-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Togo stubs|Togo stubs]]''' {{tl|Togo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Tunisia stubs|Tunisia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Tunisian people}} | {{tl|Tunisia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Uganda stubs|Uganda stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Ugandan people}} | {{tl|Uganda-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Western Sahara stubs|Western Sahara stubs]]''' - {{tl|WesternSahara-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Zambia stubs|Zambia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Zambian people}} | {{tl|Zambia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Zimbabwe stubs|Zimbabwe stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Zimbabwean people}} | {{tl|Zimbabwe-stub}}

=====Asia=====

Other causes of a UHI are due to geometric effects. The tall buildings within many urban areas provide multiple surfaces for the reflection and absorption of sunlight, increasing the efficiency with which urban areas are heated. This is called the "canyon effect". Another effect of buildings is the blocking of wind, which also inhibits cooling by [[convection]].

*<small>''most categories have a geo-child in [[#Asian_geography|Asian geography]]''</small>

*'''[[:Category:Asia stubs|Asia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B||Asian people}} | {{tl|Asia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Central Asia stubs|Central Asia stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|CAsia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Afghanistan stubs|Afghanistan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Afghan people}} | {{tl|Afghanistan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kazakhstan stubs|Kazakhstan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Kazakhstani people}} | {{tl|Kazakhstan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kyrgyzstan stubs|Kyrgyzstan stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Kyrgyzstan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Mongolia stubs|Mongolia stubs]]''' - {{tl|Mongolia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tajikistan stubs|Tajikistan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Tajikistani people}} | {{tl|Tajikistan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Turkmenistan stubs|Turkmenistan stubs]]''' - {{tl|Turkmenistan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tibet stubs|Tibet stubs]]''' - {{tl|Tibet-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Uzbekistan stubs|Uzbekistan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Uzbekistani people}} | {{tl|Uzbekistan-stub}}

**<small>'''East Asia'''</small>

***'''[[:Category:China stubs|China stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Chinese people}} | {{tl|China-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Hong Kong stubs|Hong Kong stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Hong Kong people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] - {{tl|HongKong-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Macau stubs|Macau stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Macau-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Taiwan stubs|Taiwan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Taiwanese people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] - {{tl|Taiwan-stub}}

****<small>''{{tl|Tibet-stub}}'' also feeds into ''Central Asia-related stubs''</small>

***'''[[:Category:Japan stubs|Japan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Japanese people}} | {{tl|Japan-stub}}

****<small>see also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Commerce|Japanese company stubs]]</small>

***'''[[:Category:Korea stubs|Korea stubs]]''' - {{tl|Korea-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Middle East stubs|Middle East stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Middle Eastern people}} | {{tl|MEast-stub}}

***<small>''{{tl|Caucasus-stub}}'' also feeds into ''Europe stubs''</small>

***'''[[:Category:Bahrain stubs|Bahrain stubs]]''' {{tl|Bahrain-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Iran stubs|Iran stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Iranian people}} | {{tl|Iran-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Iraq stubs|Iraq stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Iraqi people}} | {{tl|Iraq-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Israel stubs|Israel stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Israeli people}} | {{tl|Israel-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Jordan stubs|Jordan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B||Jordanian people}}| | {{tl|Jordan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kuwait stubs|Kuwait stubs]]''' {{tl|Kuwait-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lebanon stubs|Lebanon stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Lebanese people}} | {{tl|Lebanon-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Oman stubs|Oman stubs]]''' {{tl|Oman-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Palestine stubs|Palestine stubs]]''' {{tl|Palestine-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Qatar stubs|Qatar stubs]]''' {{tl|Qatar-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Saudi Arabia stubs|Saudi Arabia stubs]]''' {{tl|SaudiArabia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Syria stubs|Syria stubs]]''' {{tl|Syria-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Turkey stubs|Turkey stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Turkish people}} |[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Turkey-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:United Arab Emirates stubs|United Arab Emirates stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|United Arab Emirati people}} | {{tl|UAE-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Yemen stubs|Yemen stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Yemeni people}} | {{tl|Yemen-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:South Asia stubs|South Asia stubs]]''' {{tl|SAsia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Bangladesh stubs|Bangladesh stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B||Bangladeshi people}} | {{tl|Bangladesh-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Bangladesh organisation stubs|Bangladesh organisation stubs]]''' {{tl|Bangladesh-org-stub}}

*****{{tl|Bangladesh-gov-stub}} feeds into this category

***'''[[:Category:Bhutan stubs|Bhutan stubs]]''' {{tl|Bhutan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:India stubs|India stubs]]''' [[:Category:Indian people stubs|*B]] | {{tl|India-stub}}

****{{tl|India-lit-stub}} feeds into this category

****{{tl|PuneDistrict-stub}} feeds into this category

****'''[[:Category:Indian culture stubs|Indian culture stubs]]''' {{tl|India-culture-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Indian ethnicity stubs|Indian ethnicity stubs]]''' {{tl|India-ethno-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Indian government stubs|Indian government stubs]]''' {{tl|India-gov-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:India media stubs|India media stubs]]''' {{tl|India-media-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:India sports stubs|India sports stubs]]''' {{tl|India-sports-stub}}

****<small>see also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Commerce|Indian company stubs]]</small>

****<small>see also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Commerce|Economy of India stubs]]</small>

****'''[[:Category:Kerala stubs|Kerala stubs]]''' {{tl|Kerala-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Maldives stubs|Maldives stubs]]''' {{tl|Maldives-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Nepal stubs|Nepal stubs]]''' {{tl|Nepal-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Pakistan stubs|Pakistan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Pakistani people}} | {{tl|Pakistan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sri Lanka stubs|Sri Lanka stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Sri Lankan people}} | {{tl|SriLanka-stub}}

**'''South East Asia

***'''[[:Category:Brunei stubs|Brunei stubs]]''' {{tl|Brunei-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Cambodia stubs|Cambodia stubs]]''' {{tl|Cambodia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Indonesia stubs|Indonesia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Indonesian people}} | {{tl|Indonesia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Laos stubs|Laos stubs]]''' {{tl|Laos-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Malaysia stubs|Malaysia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Malaysian people}} | {{tl|Malaysia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Myanmar stubs|Myanmar stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Burmese people}} | {{tl|Myanmar-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Philippines stubs|Philippines stubs]]''' {{tl|Philippines-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Singapore stubs|Singapore stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Singaporean people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Singapore-stub}}

****<small>Additional child: {{tl|Singapore-MRT-stub}} in [[#Transportation|Transportation]] under {{tl|Metro-stub}}</small>

***'''[[:Category:Thailand stubs|Thailand stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Thai people}} | {{tl|Thailand-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Vietnam stubs|Vietnam-stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Vietnamese people}} {{tl|Vietnam-stub}}

=====Europe=====

Some causes of a UHI are [[anthropogenic]], though they are relatively minor in summer and generally in low- and mid-latitude areas. In winter and especially in high latitudes, when solar radiation is considerably smaller, these effects can contribute the majority of UHI. As urban areas are often inhabited by large numbers of people, heat generation by human activity also contributes to the UHI. Such activities include the operation of automobiles, air conditioning units, and various forms of industry. High levels of pollution in urban areas can also increase the UHI, as many forms of pollution can create a local [[greenhouse effect]].

*<small>''most categories have a geo-stub in [[#European_geography|European geography]]''</small>

*'''[[:Category:Europe stubs|Europe stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|European people}} | {{tl|Euro-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Albania stubs|Albania stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Albanian people}} | {{tl|Albania-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Andorra stubs|Andorra stubs]]''' {{tl|Andorra-stub}}

**<small>{{tl|Armenia-stub}} under {{tl|Caucasus-stub}} below</small>

**'''[[:Category:Austria stubs|Austria stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Austrian people}} | {{tl|Austria-stub}}

**<small>{{tl|Azerbaijan-stub}} under {{tl|Caucasus-stub}} below</small>

**'''[[:Category:Belarus stubs|Belarus stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Belarusian people}} | {{tl|Belarus-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Belgium stubs|Belgium stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Belgian people}} | {{tl|Belgium-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina stubs|Bosnia and Herzegovina stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Bosnia and Herzegovina people}} | {{tl|BosniaHerzegovina-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Bulgaria stubs|Bulgaria stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Bulgarian people}} | {{tl|Bulgaria-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Caucasus stubs|Caucasus stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Caucasian people}} | {{tl|Caucasus-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Armenia stubs|Armenia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Armenian people}} |{{tl|Armenia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Azerbaijan stubs|Azerbaijan stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B||Azerbaijani people}} | {{tl|Azerbaijan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Georgia (country) stubs|Georgia (country) stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Georgian (country) people}} | {{tl|Georgia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Croatia stubs|Croatia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Croatian people}} | {{tl|Croatia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Czech Republic stubs|Czech Republic stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Czech people}} | {{tl|Czech-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Cyprus stubs|Cyprus stubs]]''' {{tl|Cyprus-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Denmark stubs|Denmark stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Danish people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Denmark-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Estonia stubs|Estonia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Estonian people}} | {{tl|Estonia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:European Union stubs|European Union stubs]]''' {{tl|EU-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Faroe Islands stubs|Faroe Islands stubs]]''' - {{tl|Faroes-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Finland stubs|Finland stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Finnish people}} | {{tl|Finland-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Åland stubs|Åland stubs]]''' {{tl|Åland-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:France stubs|France stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|French people}} | {{tl|France-stub}}

**<small>{{tl|Georgia-stub}} under {{tl|Caucasus-stub}} above</small>

**'''[[:Category:Germany stubs|Germany stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|German people}} | {{tl|Germany-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Gibraltar stubs|Gibraltar stubs]]''' {{tl|Gibraltar-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Greece stubs|Greece stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Greek people}} | {{tl|Greece-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Hungary stubs|Hungary stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Hungarian people}} |{{tl|Hungary-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Iceland stubs|Iceland stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Icelandic people}} | {{tl|Iceland-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ireland stubs|Ireland stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Irish people}} | {{tl|Ireland-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Italy stubs|Italy stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Italian people}} | {{tl|Italy-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sicily stubs|Sicily stubs]]''' - {{tl|Sicily-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Latvia stubs|Latvia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Latvian people}} | {{tl|Latvia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Liechtenstein stubs|Liechtenstein stubs]]''' {{tl|Liechtenstein-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Lithuania stubs|Lithuania stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Lithuanian people}} |{{tl|Lithuania-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Luxembourg stubs|Luxembourg stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Luxembourgian people}} |{{tl|Luxembourg-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Luxembourgian sport stubs|Luxembourgian sport stubs]]''' {{tl|Luxembourg-sport-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Malta stubs|Malta stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Maltese people}} | {{tl|Malta-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Moldova stubs|Moldova stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Moldovan people}} |{{tl|Moldova-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Montenegro stubs|Montenegro stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Montenegrin people}} | {{tl|Montenegro-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Monaco stubs|Monaco stubs]]''' {{tl|Monaco-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Netherlands stubs|Netherlands stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Dutch people}} | {{tl|Netherlands-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Norway stubs|Norway stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Norwegian people}} | {{tl|Norway-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Poland stubs|Poland stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Polish people}} | {{tl|Poland-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Portugal stubs|Portugal stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Portuguese people}} | {{tl|Portugal-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Romania stubs|Romania stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Romanian people}} | {{tl|Romania-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Russia stubs|Russia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Russian people}} | {{tl|Russia-stub}}

***<small>Child: {{tl|Russia-hist-stub}} in [[#History|History]] at the top level</small>

**'''[[:Category:San Marino stubs|San Marino stubs]]''' {{tl|SanMarino-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Serbia stubs|Serbia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Serbian people}} | {{tl|Serbia-stub}}

***<small>{{tl|NoviSad-stub}} feeds into this category</small>

***'''[[:Category:Vojvodina stubs|Vojvodina stubs]]''' | {{tl|Vojvodina-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Slovakia stubs|Slovakia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Slovak people}} | {{tl|Slovakia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Slovenia stubs|Slovenia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Slovenian people}} | {{tl|Slovenia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Spain stubs|Spain stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Spanish people}} | {{tl|Spain-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Asturias stubs|Asturias stubs]]''' {{tl|Asturias-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Balearic Islands stubs|Balearic Islands stubs]]''' {{tl|Balearics-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Cantabria stubs|Cantabria stubs]]''' {{tl|Cantabria-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Catalonia stubs|Catalonia stubs]]''' {{tl|Catalonia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Galicia stubs|Galicia stubs]]''' {{tl|Galicia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Valencia stubs|Valencia stubs]]''' {{tl|Valencia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Sweden stubs|Sweden stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Swedish people}} | {{tl|Sweden-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Switzerland stubs|Switzerland stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Swiss people}} | {{tl|Switzerland-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Turkey stubs|Turkey stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Turkish people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Turkey-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ukraine stubs|Ukraine stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Ukrainian people}} - {{tl|Ukraine-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United Kingdom stubs|United Kingdom stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|British people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|UK-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:England stubs|England stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|English people}} | {{tl|England-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Cornwall stubs|Cornwall stubs]]''' {{tl|Cornwall-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Northern Ireland stubs|Northern Ireland stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Northern Irish people}} {{tl|NI-stub}}

****{{tl|Belfast-stub}} ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Belfast|*W]]) feeds into this category

***'''[[:Category:Scotland stubs|Scotland stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Scottish people}} | {{tl|Scotland-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Wales stubs|Wales stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Welsh people}} | {{tl|Wales-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Isle of Man stubs|Isle of Man stubs]]''' | {{tl|IsleofMan-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:British Atlantic territories stubs|British Atlantic territories stubs]]''' | {{tl|UK-Atlantic-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Channel Islands stubs|Channel Islands stubs]]''' | {{tl|ChannelIslands-stub}}

***<small>Children: {{tl|UK-gov-stub}} and {{tl|UK-poli-stub}} in [[#Government_and_politics|Government]] under {{tl|Gov-stub}} and {{tl|Politician-stub}}, respectively; {{tl|UK-hist-stub}} in [[#History|History]] under {{tl|Hist-stub}}; {{tl|UK-org-stub}} in [[#Miscellaneous|Miscellaneous]] under {{tl|Org-stub}}; {{tl|UK-struct-stub}} in [[#By_location|Buildings by ___location]] under {{tl|Euro-struct-stub}}; {{tl|BBC-stub}} in [[#Broadcast_media|Broadcast media]] at the top level</small>

=====North and Central America=====

Different climatic regions may have very different experiences of UHIs. In an already warm area they will be unwelcome; in a cold area they might be beneficial.

*'''[[:Category:Canada stubs|Canada stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Canadian people}} | {{tl|Canada-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Alberta stubs|Alberta stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Alberta|*W]]) - {{tl|Alberta-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:British Columbia stubs|British Columbia stubs]]''' {{tl|BritishColumbia-stub}}

***{{tl|BritishColumbia-poli-stub}} feeds into this category

***'''[[:Category:Greater Vancouver Regional District stubs|Greater Vancouver Regional District stubs]]''' {{tl|GVRD-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Vancouver stubs|Vancouver stubs]]''' {{tl|Vancouver-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Newfoundland and Labrador stubs|Newfoundland and Labrador stubs]]''' - {{tl|Newfoundland-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Northwest Territories stubs|Northwest Territories stubs]]''' - {{tl|NorthwestTerritories-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nova Scotia stubs|Nova Scotia stubs]]''' - {{tl|NovaScotia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nunavut stubs|Nunavut stubs]]''' - {{tl|Nunavut-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ontario stubs|Ontario stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]]) - {{tl|Ontario-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Ottawa stubs|Ottawa stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ottawa|*W]]) - {{tl|Ottawa-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Toronto stubs|Toronto stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Toronto|*W]]) - {{tl|Toronto-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Quebec stubs|Quebec stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|People from Quebec}} | {{tl|Quebec-stub}}

***{{tl|QuebecCity-stub}} feeds into this category

**'''[[:Category:Saskatchewan stubs|Saskatchewan stubs]]''' - {{tl|Saskatchewan-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Yukon Territory stubs|Yukon Territory stubs]]''' - {{tl|YukonTerritory-stub}}

**<small>see also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#People_by_nation_or_region|bio-stub child]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Government_and_politics|gov-stub child]]</small>

*'''[[:Category:Caribbean stubs|Caribbean stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Caribbean people}} | {{tl|Caribbean-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Barbados stubs|Barbados stubs]]''' - {{tl|Barbados-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Cuba stubs|Cuba stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Cuban people}} {{tl|Cuba-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Cayman Islands stubs|Cayman Islands stubs]]''' - {{tl|Caymans-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Haiti stubs|Haiti stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Haitian people}} {{tl|Haiti-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Jamaica stubs|Jamaica stubs]]''' - {{tl|Jamaica-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Puerto Rico stubs|Puerto Rico stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Puerto Rican people}} {{tl|PuertoRico-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Trinidad and Tobago stubs|Trinidad and Tobago stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Trinidad and Tobago people}} {{tl|Trinidad-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Central America stubs|Central America stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Central American people}} | {{tl|CentralAm-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Belize stubs|Belize stubs]]''' - {{tl|Belize-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Costa Rica stubs|Costa Rica stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Costa Rican people}} {{tl|CostaRica-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:El Salvador stubs|El Salvador stubs]]''' ([[WP:WSS/R|*R]]) - {{tl|ElSalvador-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Guatemala stubs|Guatemala stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Guatemalan people}} | {{tl|Guatemala-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Honduras stubs|Honduras stubs]]''' - {{tl|Honduras-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nicaragua stubs|Nicaragua stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Nicaraguan people}} {{tl|Nicaragua-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Panama stubs|Panama stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Panamanian people}} {{tl|Panama-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Greenland stubs|Greenland stubs]]''' - {{tl|Greenland-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Mexico stubs|Mexico stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Mexican people}} | {{tl|Mexico-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:United States stubs|United States stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|American people}} | {{tl|US-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Alaska stubs|Alaska stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Alaska|*W]]) - {{tl|Alaska-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Arizona stubs|Arizona stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Arizona|*W]]) - {{tl|Arizona-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Arkansas stubs|Arkansas stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Arkansas|*W]]) - {{tl|Arkansas-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:California stubs|California stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject California|*W]]) {{tl|California-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Colorado stubs|Colorado stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Colorado|*W]]) - {{tl|Colorado-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Florida stubs|Florida stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Florida people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Florida|*W]] | {{tl|Florida-stub}}

***<small>{{tl|Florida-media-stub}} feeds into this category</small>

**'''[[:Category:Georgia (U.S. state) stubs|Georgia (U.S. state) stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Georgia (U.S. state)|*W]]) - {{tl|GeorgiaUS-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Atlanta stubs|Atlanta stubs]]''' - {{tl|Atlanta-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Hawaii stubs|Hawaii stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Hawaii|*W]]) - {{tl|Hawaii-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Idaho stubs|Idaho stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Idaho|*W]]) - {{tl|Idaho-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Illinois stubs|Illinois stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Illinois|*W]]) - {{tl|Illinois-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Chicago stubs|Chicago stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chicago|*W]]) - {{tl|Chicago-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Indiana stubs|Indiana stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indiana|*W]]) - {{tl|Indiana-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Iowa stubs|Iowa stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Iowa people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Iowa|*W]] | {{tl|Iowa-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Kentucky stubs|Kentucky stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Kentucky|*W]]) - {{tl|Kentucky-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Louisville stubs|Louisville stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Louisville|*W]]) {{tl|Louisville-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Louisiana stubs|Louisiana stubs]]''' - {{tl|Louisiana-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New Orleans stubs|New Orleans stubs]]''' - {{tl|NewOrleans-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Maine stubs|Maine stubs]]''' {{tl|Maine-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Maryland stubs|Maryland stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maryland|*W]]) - {{tl|Maryland-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Massachusetts stubs|Massachusetts stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Massachusetts|*W]]) - {{tl|Massachusetts-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Michigan stubs|Michigan stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Michigan|*W]]) - {{tl|Michigan-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Minnesota stubs|Minnesota stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Minnesota|*W]]) - {{tl|Minnesota-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Mississippi stubs|Mississippi stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mississippi|*W]]) - {{tl|Mississippi-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Missouri stubs|Missouri stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Missouri|*W]]) - {{tl|Missouri-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Montana stubs|Montana stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Montana|*W]]) - {{tl|Montana-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:New Hampshire stubs|New Hampshire stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject New Hampshire|*W]]) - {{tl|NewHampshire-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:New Jersey stubs|New Jersey stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject New Jersey|*W]]) - {{tl|NewJersey-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:New York stubs|New York stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject New York|*W]]) - {{tl|NewYork-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New York City stubs|New York City stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject New York City|*W]]) - {{tl|NYC-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:North Carolina stubs|North Carolina stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject North Carolina|*W]]) - {{tl|NorthCarolina-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:North Dakota stubs|North Dakota stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject North Dakota|*W]]) - {{tl|NorthDakota-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ohio stubs|Ohio stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ohio|*W]]) - {{tl|Ohio-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Oklahoma stubs|Oklahoma stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Oklahoma|*W]]) - {{tl|Oklahoma-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Oregon stubs|Oregon stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Oregon people}} [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Oregon|*W]] | {{tl|Oregon-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Pennsylvania stubs|Pennsylvania stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Pennsylvania|*W]]) - {{tl|Pennsylvania-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Philadelphia stubs|Philadelphia stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Philadelphia|*W]]) - {{tl|Philadelphia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Pittsburgh stubs|Pittsburgh stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Pittsburgh|*W]]) - {{tl|Pittsburgh-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:South Carolina stubs|South Carolina stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject South Carolina|*W]]) - {{tl|SouthCarolina-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:South Dakota stubs|South Dakota stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject South Dakota|*W]]) - {{tl|SouthDakota-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Tennessee stubs|Tennessee stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tennessee|*W]]) - {{tl|Tennessee-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Texas stubs|Texas stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Texas people}} [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Texas|*W]] | {{tl|Texas-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Dallas stubs|Dallas stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Dallas|*W]]) - {{tl|Dallas-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Utah stubs|Utah stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Utah people}} [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Utah|*W]] | {{tl|Utah-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Vermont stubs|Vermont stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Vermont|*W]]) {{tl|Vermont-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Virginia stubs|Virginia stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Virginia|*W]]) - {{tl|Virginia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Washington, D.C. stubs|Washington, D.C. stubs]]''' {{tl|WashingtonDC-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:West Virginia stubs|West Virginia stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject West Virginia|*W]]) - {{tl|WestVirginia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Wisconsin stubs|Wisconsin stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Wisconsin|*W]]) - {{tl|Wisconsin-stub}}

**<small>you can use <nowiki>{{</nowiki>''State''-stub}} for any state</small>

**<small>other children: {{tl|US-bcast-stub}} under [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Broadcast media|broadcast media]]; {{tl|US-gov-stub}} under [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Government, law and politics|government, law, and politics]]; {{tl|US-hist-stub}} under [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#History|history]]; {{tl|US-mil-stub}} under [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Military and weaponry|military and weaponry]]; {{tl|US-poli-stub}} under [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Government, law and politics|government, law and politics]]; {{tl|US-rail-stub}} under [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Transport|transport]]; {{tl|US-school-stub}} under [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Education|education]]; {{tl|US-university-stub}} under [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types#Education|education]]</small>

=====Oceania=====

The [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] discusses one of the reasons when it says:

*<small>''most categories have a geo-child in [[#Australian_and_Oceanian_geography|Australian and Oceanian geography]]''</small>

*'''[[:Category:Australia stubs|Australia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Australian people}} | {{tl|Australia-stub}}

**<small>Other child: {{tl|Australia-gov-stub}} in [[#Government_and_politics|Government]] under {{tl|Gov-stub}}</small>

**'''[[:Category:Adelaide stubs|Adelaide stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Adelaide|*W]] | {{tl|Adelaide-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Australian Capital Territory stubs|Australian Capital Territory stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canberra|*W]] | {{tl|Canberra-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Hobart stubs|Hobart stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tasmania|*W]] | {{tl|Hobart-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Melbourne stubs|Melbourne stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Melbourne|*W]] | {{tl|Melbourne-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Western Australia stubs|Western Australia stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Western Australia|*W]] | {{tl|WesternAustralia-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Perth, Western Australia stubs|Perth]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Perth|*W]] | {{tl|Perth-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Oceania stubs|Oceania stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Oceanian people}} | {{tl|Oceania-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Fiji stubs|Fiji stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Fijian people}} | {{tl|Fiji-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nauru stubs|Nauru stubs]]''' {{tl|Nauru-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:New Zealand stubs|New Zealand stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|New Zealand people}} | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|NZ-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Papua New Guinea stubs|Papua New Guinea stubs]]''' {{tl|PapuaNewGuinea-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Samoa stubs|Samoa stubs]]''' {{tl|Samoa-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Tonga stubs|Tonga stubs]]''' {{tl|Tonga-stub}}

=====South America=====

:''Heat islands form as vegetation is replaced by asphalt and concrete for roads, buildings, and other structures necessary to accommodate growing populations. These surfaces absorb - rather than reflect - the sun's heat, causing surface temperatures and overall ambient temperatures to rise.''

*'''[[:Category:South America stubs|South America stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|South American people}} {{tl|SouthAm-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Argentina stubs|Argentina stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Argentine people}} {{tl|Argentina-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Bolivia stubs|Bolivia stubs]]''' {{tl|Bolivia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Brazil stubs|Brazil stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Brazilian people}} {{tl|Brazil-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Chile stubs|Chile stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Chilean people}} {{tl|Chile-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Colombia stubs|Colombia stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Colombian people}} {{tl|Colombia-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ecuador stubs|Ecuador stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Ecuadorian people}} {{tl|Ecuador-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Guyana stubs|Guyana stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Guyanese people}} {{tl|Guyana-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Paraguay stubs|Paraguay stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Paraguayan people}} {{tl|Paraguay-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Peru stubs|Peru stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Peruvian people}} - {{tl|Peru-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Suriname stubs|Suriname stubs]]''' {{tl|Suriname-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Uruguay stubs|Uruguay stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Uruguayan people}} {{tl|Uruguay-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Venezuela stubs|Venezuela stubs]]''' {{WPSS*B|Venezuelan people}} {{tl|Venezuela-stub}}

====Location-specific geography stubs====

The lesser-used term ''heat island'' refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.

=====African geography=====

Some cities exhibit a heat island effect, largest at night (see below), and particularly in summer [http://home.pusan.ac.kr/~imyunkyu/research/about_UHI.html], or perhaps in winter [http://www.geography.uc.edu/~kenhinke/uhi/], with several degrees between the center of the city and surrounding fields. The difference in temperature between an inner city and its surrounding suburbs is frequently mentioned in weather reports: e.g., "68 degrees downtown, 64 in the suburbs."

*'''[[:Category:Africa geography stubs|Africa geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Africa-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Central Africa geography stubs|Central Africa geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|AfricaC-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Central African Republic geography stubs|Central African Republic geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|CentralAfricanRepublic-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Chad geography stubs|Chad geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Chad-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo geography stubs|Democratic Republic of the Congo geography stubs]]''' {{tl|DRCongo-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Gabon geography stubs|Gabon geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Gabon-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Rwanda geography stubs|Rwanda geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Rwanda-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:East Africa geography stubs|East Africa geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|AfricaE-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Eritrea geography stubs|Eritrea geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Eritrea-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Ethiopia geography stubs|Ethiopia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Ethiopia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kenya geography stubs|Kenya geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Kenya-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Seychelles geography stubs|Seychelles geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Seychelles-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Somalia geography stubs|Somalia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Somalia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tanzania geography stubs|Tanzania geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Tanzania-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Uganda geography stubs|Uganda geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Uganda-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:North Africa geography stubs|North Africa geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|AfricaN-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Algeria geography stubs|Algeria geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Algeria-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Egypt geography stubs|Egypt geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Egypt-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Libya geography stubs|Libya geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Libya-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Morocco geography stubs|Morocco geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Morocco-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sudan geography stubs|Sudan geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Sudan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tunisia geography stubs|Tunisia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Tunisia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Southern Africa geography stubs|Southern Africa geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|AfricaS-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Angola geography stubs|Angola geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Angola-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Botswana geography stubs|Botswana geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Botswana-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Comoros geography stubs|Comoros geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Comoros-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Madagascar geography stubs|Madagascar geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Madagascar-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Malawi geography stubs|Malawi geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Malawi-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Mozambique geography stubs|Mozambique geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Mozambique-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Namibia geography stubs|Namibia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Namibia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South Africa geography stubs|South Africa geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|SouthAfrica-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Zambia geography stubs|Zambia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Zambia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Zimbabwe geography stubs|Zimbabwe geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Zimbabwe-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:West Africa geography stubs|West Africa geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|AfricaW-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Benin geography stubs|Benin geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Benin-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Burkina Faso geography stubs|Burkina Faso geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|BurkinaFaso-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Cameroon geography stubs|Cameroon geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Cameroon-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Cape Verde geography stubs|Cape Verde geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|CapeVerde-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Côte d'Ivoire geography stubs|Côte d'Ivoire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|CotedIvoire-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Ghana geography stubs|Ghana geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Ghana-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Guinea geography stubs|Guinea geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Guinea-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Liberia geography stubs|Liberia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Liberia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Mali geography stubs|Mali geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Mali-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Niger geography stubs|Niger geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Niger-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Nigeria geography stubs|Nigeria geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Nigeria-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Senegal geography stubs|Senegal geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Senegal-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sierra Leone geography stubs|Sierra Leone geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|SierraLeone-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Togo geography stubs|Togo geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Togo-geo-stub}}

=====Antarctica geography=====

==Significance of UHIs==

*'''[[:Category:Antarctica geography stubs|Antarctica geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Antarctica-geo-stub}}

=====Asian geography=====

Urban heat islands are of interest primarily because they affect so many people. According to estimates by the [[United Nations]], nearly half of the world's population currently live in urban areas. Within western nations, this number can approach 75%. The impact of UHIs on the world's populace has the potential to be large and far-reaching.

*'''[[:Category:Asia geography stubs|Asia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Asia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Afghanistan geography stubs|Afghanistan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Afghanistan-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Bangladesh geography stubs|Bangladesh geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bangladesh-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Central Asia geography stubs|Central Asia geography stubs]]''' - Filing category, no subs

***'''[[:Category:Kazakhstan geography stubs|Kazakhstan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Kazakhstan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kyrgyzstan geography stubs|Kyrgyzstan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Kyrgyzstan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Mongolia geography stubs|Mongolia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Mongolia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tajikistan geography stubs|Tajikistan geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Tajikistan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Turkmenistan geography stubs|Turkmenistan geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Turkmenistan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Uzbekistan geography stubs|Uzbekistan geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Uzbekistan-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:India geography stubs|India geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|India-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Andaman and Nicobar geography stubs|Andaman and Nicobar geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Andhra Pradesh geography stubs|Andhra Pradesh geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Assam geography stubs|Assam geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Assam-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Bihar geography stubs|Bihar geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Bihar-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Chhattisgarh geography stubs|Chhattisgarh geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Gujarat geography stubs|Gujarat geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Gujarat-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Haryana geography stubs|Haryana geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Haryana-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Himachal Pradesh geography stubs|Himachal Pradesh geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Jammu and Kashmir geography stubs|Jammu and Kashmir geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Jharkhand geography stubs|Jharkhand geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Karnataka geography stubs|Karnataka geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Karnataka-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kerala geography stubs|Kerala geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Kerala-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Madhya Pradesh geography stubs|Madhya Pradesh geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Maharashtra geography stubs|Maharashtra geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Orissa geography stubs|Orissa geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Orissa-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Punjab (India) geography stubs|Punjab (India) geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Rajasthan geography stubs|Rajasthan geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Rajasthan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tamil Nadu geography stubs|Tamil Nadu geography stubs]]''' {{tl|TamilNadu-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Uttarakhand geography stubs|Uttarakhand geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Uttar Pradesh geography stubs|Uttar Pradesh geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:West Bengal geography stubs|West Bengal geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|WestBengal-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Japan geography stubs|Japan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Japan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Aichi geography stubs|Aichi geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Aichi-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Akita geography stubs|Akita geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Akita-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Aomori geography stubs|Aomori geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Aomori-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Chiba geography stubs|Chiba geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Chiba-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Ehime geography stubs|Ehime geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Ehime-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Fukui geography stubs|Fukui geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Fukui-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Fukuoka geography stubs|Fukuoka geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Fukuoka-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Fukushima geography stubs|Fukushima geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Fukushima-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Gifu geography stubs|Gifu geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Gifu-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Gunma geography stubs|Gunma geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Gunma-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hiroshima geography stubs|Hiroshima geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hiroshima-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hokkaidō geography stubs|Hokkaidō geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hokkaido-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hyōgo geography stubs|Hyōgo geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hyogo-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Ibaraki geography stubs|Ibaraki geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Ibaraki-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Ishikawa geography stubs|Ishikawa geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Ishikawa-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Iwate geography stubs|Iwate geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Iwate-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kagawa geography stubs|Kagawa geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Kagawa-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kagoshima geography stubs|Kagoshima geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Kagoshima-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kōchi geography stubs|Kōchi geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Kochi-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kumamoto geography stubs|Kumamoto geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Kumamoto-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kyoto geography stubs|Kyoto geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Kyoto-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Mie geography stubs|Mie geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Mie-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Miyagi geography stubs|Miyagi geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Miyagi-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Nagano geography stubs|Nagano geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Nagano-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Nagasaki geography stubs|Nagasaki geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Nagasaki-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Niigata geography stubs|Niigata geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Niigata-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Oita geography stubs|Oita geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Oita-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Okayama geography stubs|Okayama geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Okayama-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Okinawa geography stubs|Okinawa geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Okinawa-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Osaka geography stubs|Osaka geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Osaka-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Saga geography stubs|Saga geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Saga-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Saitama geography stubs|Saitama geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Saitama-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Shiga geography stubs|Shiga geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Shiga-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Shimane geography stubs|Shimane geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Shimane-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Shizuoka geography stubs|Shizuoka geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Shizuoka-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tochigi geography stubs|Tochigi geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Tochigi-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tokushima geography stubs|Tokushima geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Tokushima-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tokyo geography stubs|Tokyo geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Tokyo-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tottori geography stubs|Tottori geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Tottori-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Yamagata geography stubs|Yamagata geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Yamagata-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Yamaguchi geography stubs|Yamaguchi geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Yamaguchi-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Yamanashi geography stubs|Yamanashi geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Yamanashi-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Korea geography stubs|Korea geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Korea-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Maldives geography stubs|Maldives geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Maldives-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Middle East geography stubs|Middle East geography stubs]]''' {{tl|MEast-geo-stub}}

**<small>{{tl|Qatar-geo-stub}} feeds into this category</small>

***'''[[:Category:Iran geography stubs|Iran geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Iran-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Iraq geography stubs|Iraq geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Iraq-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Israel geography stubs|Israel geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Israel-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Jordan geography stubs|Jordan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Jordan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lebanon geography stubs|Lebanon geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Lebanon-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Oman geography stubs|Oman geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Oman-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Palestine geography stubs|Palestine geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Palestine-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Saudi Arabia geography stubs|Saudi Arabia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SaudiArabia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Syria geography stubs|Syria geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Syria-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:United Arab Emirates geography stubs|United Arab Emirates geography stubs]]''' {{tl|UAE-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Yemen geography stubs|Yemen geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Yemen-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nepal geography stubs|Nepal geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Nepal-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Pakistan geography stubs|Pakistan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Pakistan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Balochistan geography stubs|Balochistan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Balochistan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:North-West Frontier Province geography stubs|North-West Frontier Province geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NorthWestFrontier-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Punjab (Pakistan) geography stubs|Punjab (Pakistan) geography stubs]]''' {{tl|PunjabPK-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sindh geography stubs|Sindh geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Sindh-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:People's Republic of China geography stubs|People's Republic of China geography stubs]]''' {{tl|PRC-geo-stub}}

***<small>{{tl|Macau-geo-stub}} feeds into this category</small>

***<small>Other children: {{tl|PRC-airport-stub}} under [[<includeonly>#</includeonly><noinclude>../</noinclude>Transport|Transport]] and {{tl|PRC-struct-stub}} under [[#Buildings and structures|Buildings and structures]]</small>

***'''[[:Category:Eastern China geography stubs|Eastern China geography stubs]]'''

****<small>{{tl|Fujian-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Jiangsu-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Jiangxi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Shandong-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Shanghai-geo-stub}} all feed into this category</small>

****'''[[:Category:Anhui geography stubs|Anhui geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Anhui-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Zhejiang geography stubs|Zhejiang geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Zhejiang-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hong Kong geography stubs|Hong Kong geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|HongKong-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:North China geography stubs|North China geography stubs]]'''

****<small>{{tl|Beijing-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Hebei-geo-stub}}, {{tl|InnerMongolia-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Shanxi-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Tianjin-geo-stub}} all feed into this category</small>

***'''[[:Category:Northeast China geography stubs|Northeast China geography stubs]]'''

****<small>{{tl|Heilongjiang-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Jilin-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Liaoning-geo-stub}} all feed into this category</small>

***'''[[:Category:Northwestern China geography stubs|Northwestern China geography stubs]]'''

****<small>{{tl|Gansu-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Ningxia-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Qinghai-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Shaanxi-geo-stub}} all feed into this category</small>

****'''[[:Category:Xinjiang geography stubs|Xinjiang geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Xinjiang-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South Central China geography stubs|South Central China geography stubs]]'''

****<small>{{tl|Guangxi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Hainan-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Henan-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Hubei-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Hunan-geo-stub}} all feed into this category</small>

****'''[[:Category:Guangdong geography stubs|Guangdong geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Guangdong-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Southwest China geography stubs|Southwest China geography stubs]]'''

****<small>{{tl|Chongqing-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Guizhou-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Sichuan-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Yunnan-geo-stub}} all feed into this category</small>

****'''[[:Category:Tibetan geography stubs|Tibetan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Tibet-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Southeast Asia geography stubs|Southeast Asia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SEAsia-geo-stub}}

**<small>{{tl|Brunei-geo-stub}} feeds into this category</small>

***'''[[:Category:Indonesia geography stubs|Indonesia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Indonesia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Laos geography stubs|Laos geography stubs]]''' {{tl| Laos-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Malaysia geography stubs|Malaysia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Malaysia-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Johor geography stubs|Johor geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Johor-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Sabah geography stubs|Sabah geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Sabah-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Sarawak geography stubs|Sarawak geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Sarawak-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Myanmar geography stubs|Myanmar geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Myanmar-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Philippines geography stubs|Philippines geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Philippines-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Singapore geography stubs|Singapore geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Singapore-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Thailand geography stubs|Thailand geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Thailand-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Central Thailand geography stubs|Central Thailand geography stubs]]'''

*****<small> {{tl|AngThong-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Ayutthaya-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Bangkok-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Chainat-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Kanchanaburi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Lopburi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NakhonNayok-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NakhonPathom-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Nonthaburi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|PathumThani-geo-stub}}, {{tl|PrachuapKhiriKhan-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Ratchaburi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|SamutPrakan-geo-stub}}, {{tl|SamutSakhon-geo-stub}}, {{tl|SamutSongkhram-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Saraburi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Singburi-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Suphanburi-geo-stub}} all feed into this category </small>

****'''[[:Category:Eastern Thailand geography stubs|Eastern Thailand geography stubs]]'''

*****<small> {{tl|Chachoengsao-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Chanthaburi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Chonburi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Prachinburi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Rayong-geo-stub}}, {{tl|SaKaeo-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Trat-geo-stub}} all feed into this category </small>

****'''[[:Category:Isan geography stubs|Category:Isan geography stubs]]'''

*****<small> {{tl|AmnatCharoen-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Buriram-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Chaiyaphum-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Kalasin-geo-stub}}, {{tl|KhonKaen-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Loei-geo-stub}}, {{tl|MahaSarakham-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Mukdahan-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NakhonPhanom-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NakhonRatchasima-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NongKhai-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NongbuaLamphu-geo-stub}}, {{tl|RoiEt-geo-stub}}, {{tl|SakonNakhon-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Sisaket-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Surin-geo-stub}}, {{tl|UbonRatchathani-geo-stub}}, {{tl|UdonThani-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Yasothon-geo-stub}} all feed into this category </small>

****'''[[:Category:Northern Thailand geography stubs|Northern Thailand geography stubs]]'''

***** <small> {{tl|ChiangMai-geo-stub}}, {{tl|ChiangRai-geo-stub}}, {{tl|KamphaengPhet-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Lampang-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Lamphun-geo-stub}}, {{tl|MaeHongSon-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NakhonSawan-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Nan-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Phayao-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Phetchabun-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Phichit-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Phitsanulok-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Phrae-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Sukhothai-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Tak-geo-stub}}, {{tl|UthaiThani-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Uttaradit-geo-stub}} all feed into this category </small>

****'''[[:Category:Southern Thailand geography stubs|Southern Thailand geography stubs]]'''

***** <small> {{tl|Chumphon-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Krabi-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NakhonSiThammarat-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Narathiwat-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Pattani-geo-stub}}, {{tl|PhangNga-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Phatthalung-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Phuket-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Ranong-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Satun-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Songkhla-geo-stub}}, {{tl|SuratThani-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Trang-geo-stub}}, and {{tl|Yala-geo-stub}} all feed into this category </small>

***'''[[:Category:Vietnam geography stubs|Vietnam geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Vietnam-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Sri Lanka geography stubs|Sri Lanka geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SriLanka-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Republic of China (Taiwan) geography stubs|Republic of China (Taiwan) geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Taiwan-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Turkey geography stubs|Turkey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Turkey-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Aegean region of Turkey geography stubs|Aegean region of Turkey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|AegeanTR-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Black Sea region of Turkey geography stubs|Black Sea region of Turkey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|BlackSeaTR-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Central Anatolia region of Turkey geography stubs|Central Anatolia region of Turkey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|CAnatolia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey geography stubs|Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|EAnatolia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Marmara region of Turkey geography stubs|Marmara region of Turkey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Marmara-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Mediterranean region of Turkey geography stubs|Mediterranean region of Turkey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|MediterraneanTR-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey geography stubs|Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SEAnatolia-geo-stub}}

=====European geography=====

UHIs have the potential to directly influence the health and welfare of urban residents. Within the United States alone, an average of 1000 people die each year due to extreme heat, more than due to all other weather events combined (Changnon et al., 1996). As UHIs are characterized by increased temperature, they can potentially increase the magnitude and duration of [[heat wave]]s within cities. Research has found that the mortality rate during a heat wave increases exponentially with the maximum temperature (Buechley et al., 1972), an effect that is exacerbated by the UHI. The nighttime effect of UHIs (discussed below) can be particularly harmful during a heat wave, as it deprives urban residents of the cool relief found in rural areas during the night (Clarke, 1972).

*'''[[:Category:Europe geography stubs|Europe geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Euro-geo-stub}}

**<small>{{tl|Andorra-geo-stub}} and {{tl|Gibraltar-geo-stub}} feed into this category</small>

**'''[[:Category:Albania geography stubs|Albania geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Albania-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Armenia geography stubs|Armenia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Armenia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Austria geography stubs|Austria geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Austria-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Azerbaijan geography stubs|Azerbaijan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Azerbaijan-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Belarus geography stubs|Belarus geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Belarus-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Belgium geography stubs|Belgium geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Belgium-geo-stub}}

***<small>{{tl|Brussels-geo-stub}} {{tl|LimburgBE-geo-stub}} {{tl|LuxembourgBE-geo-stub}} {{tl|Namur-geo-stub}} and {{tl|WalloonBrabant-geo-stub}} feed into this category</small>

***'''[[:Category:Antwerp geography stubs|Antwerp geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Antwerp-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:East Flanders geography stubs|East Flanders geography stubs]]''' {{tl|EastFlanders-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Flemish Brabant geography stubs|Flemish Brabant geography stubs]]''' {{tl|FlemishBrabant-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hainaut geography stubs|Hainaut geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hainaut-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Liège geography stubs|Liège geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Liege-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:West Flanders geography stubs|West Flanders geography stubs]]''' {{tl|WestFlanders-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina geography stubs|Bosnia and Herzegovina geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|BiH-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Bulgaria geography stubs|Bulgaria geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bulgaria-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Croatia geography stubs|Croatia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Croatia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Cyprus geography stubs|Cyprus geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Cyprus-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Czech Republic geography stubs|Czech Republic geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Czech-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Denmark geography stubs|Denmark geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Denmark-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Estonia geography stubs|Estonia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Estonia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Faroe Islands geography stubs|Faroe Islands geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Faroes-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Finland geography stubs|Finland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Finland-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:France geography stubs|France geography stubs]]''' {{tl|France-geo-stub}}

***{{tl|Corsica-geo-stub}} and {{tl|Limousin-geo-stub}} feed into this category

***'''[[:Category:Alsace geography stubs|Alsace geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Alsace-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Aquitaine geography stubs|Aquitaine geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Aquitaine-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Basse-Normandie geography stubs|Basse-Normandie geography stubs]]''' {{tl|BasseNormandie-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Bourgogne geography stubs|Bourgogne geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bourgogne-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Bretagne geography stubs|Bretagne geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bretagne-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Champagne-Ardenne geography stubs|Champagne-Ardenne geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Champagne-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Région Centre geography stubs|Région Centre geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Centre-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Haute-Normandie geography stubs|Haute-Normandie geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Haute-Normandie-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Île-de-France geography stubs|Île-de-France geography stubs]]''' {{tl|IledeFrance-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Languedoc-Roussillon geography stubs|Languedoc-Roussillon geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Languedoc-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lorraine geography stubs|Lorraine geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Lorraine-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Midi-Pyrénées geography stubs|Midi-Pyrénées geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Pyrenees-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Nord-Pas-de-Calais geography stubs|Nord-Pas-de-Calais geography stubs]]''' {{tl|PasdeCalais-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Pays-de-la-Loire geography stubs|Pays-de-la-Loire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Loire-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Picardie geography stubs|Picardie geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Picardie-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Poitou-Charentes geography stubs|Poitou-Charentes geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Poitou-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur geography stubs|Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Provence-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Rhône-Alpes geography stubs|Rhône-Alpes geography stubs]]''' {{tl|RhoneAlpes-geo-stub}}

***<small>see also FrenchPolynesia-geo-stub child above</small>

**'''[[:Category:Georgia (country) geography stubs|Georgia (country) geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Georgia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Germany geography stubs|Germany geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Germany-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Baden-Württemberg geography stubs|Baden-Württemberg geography stubs]]''' {{tl|BadenWurttemberg-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Bavaria geography stubs|Bavaria geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bavaria-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Brandenburg geography stubs|Brandenburg geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Brandenburg-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hesse geography stubs|Hesse geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hesse-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lower Saxony geography stubs|Lower Saxony geography stubs]]''' {{tl|LowerSaxony-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:North Rhine-Westphalia geography stubs|North Rhine-Westphalia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NorthRhineWestphalia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Rhineland-Palatinate geography stubs|Rhineland-Palatinate geography stubs]]''' {{tl|RhinelandPalatinate-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Saxony-Anhalt geography stubs|Saxony-Anhalt geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SaxonyAnhalt-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Schleswig-Holstein geography stubs|Schleswig-Holstein geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SchleswigHolstein-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Thuringia geography stubs|Thuringia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Thuringia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Greece geography stubs|Greece geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Greece-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Central Greece geography stubs|Central Greece geography stubs]]''' {{tl|CentralGreece-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Central Macedonia geography stubs|Central Macedonia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|CentralMacedonia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Crete geography stubs|Crete geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Crete-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Epirus geography stubs|Epirus geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Epirus-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Peloponnese geography stubs|Peloponnese geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Peloponnese-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South Aegean geography stubs|South Aegean geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SouthAegean-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Thessaly geography stubs|Thessaly geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Thessaly-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Hungary geography stubs|Hungary geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hungary-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Bács-Kiskun geography stubs|Bács-Kiskun geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bacs-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Békés county geography stubs|Békés county geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bekes-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Csongrád county geography stubs|Csongrád county geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Csongrad-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hajdú-Bihar geography stubs|Hajdú-Bihar geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hajdu-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok geography stubs|Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Jasz-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg geography stubs|Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Szabolcs-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Iceland geography stubs|Iceland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Iceland-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ireland geography stubs|Ireland geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]]) - {{tl|Ireland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:County Cork geography stubs|County Cork geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Cork-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:County Dublin geography stubs|County Dublin geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Dublin-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:County Galway geography stubs|County Galway geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Galway-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:County Kerry geography stubs|County Kerry geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Kerry-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:County Mayo geography stubs|County Mayo geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Mayo-geo-stub}}

***<small>see also NI-geo-stub child below</small>

**'''[[:Category:Italy geography stubs|Italy geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Italy-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Abruzzo geography stubs|Abruzzo geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Abruzzo-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Aosta Valley geography stubs|Aosta Valley geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Aosta-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Basilicata geography stubs|Basilicata geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Basilicata-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Calabrian geography stubs|Calabrian geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Calabria-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Campanian geography stubs|Campanian geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Campania-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Emilia-Romagna geography stubs|Emilia-Romagna geography stubs]]''' {{tl|EmiliaRomagna-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Friuli-Venezia Giulia geography stubs|Friuli-Venezia Giulia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|FriuliVeneziaGiulia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lazio geography stubs|Lazio geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Lazio-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Liguria geography stubs|Liguria geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Liguria-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lombardy geography stubs|Lombardy geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Lombardy-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Marche geography stubs|Marche geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Marche-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Molise geography stubs|Molise geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Molise-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Piedmont geography stubs|Piedmont geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Piedmont-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Province of Alessandria geography stubs|Province of Alessandria geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Alessandria-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Province of Asti geography stubs|Province of Asti geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Asti-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Province of Biella geography stubs|Province of Biella geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Biella-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Province of Cuneo geography stubs|Province of Cuneo geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Cuneo-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Province of Novara geography stubs|Province of Novara geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Novara-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Province of Turin geography stubs|Province of Turin geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Turin-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola geography stubs|Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola geography stubs]]''' {{tl|VerbanoCusioOssola-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Province of Vercelli geography stubs|Province of Vercelli geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Vercelli-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Puglia geography stubs|Puglia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Puglia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sardinia geography stubs|Sardinia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Sardinia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sicily geography stubs|Sicily geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Sicily-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Trentino-South Tyrol geography stubs|Trentino-South Tyrol geography stubs]]''' {{tl|TrentinoSouthTyrol-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tuscany geography stubs|Tuscany geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Tuscany-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Umbria geography stubs|Umbria geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Umbria-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Veneto geography stubs|Veneto geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Veneto-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Latvia geography stubs|Latvia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Latvia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Lithuania geography stubs|Lithuania geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Lithuania-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Luxembourg geography stubs|Luxembourg geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Luxembourg-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Malta geography stubs|Malta geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Malta-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Republic of Macedonia geography stubs|Republic of Macedonia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Macedonia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Moldova geography stubs|Moldova geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Moldova-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Montenegro geography stubs|Montenegro geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Montenegro-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Netherlands geography stubs|Netherlands geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Netherlands-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Drenthe geography stubs|Drenthe geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Drenthe-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Dutch Limburg geography stubs|Dutch Limburg geography stubs]]''' {{tl|LimburgNL-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Friesland geography stubs|Friesland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Friesland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Gelderland geography stubs|Gelderland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Gelderland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Groningen geography stubs|Groningen geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Groningen-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:North Brabant geography stubs|North Brabant geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NorthBrabant-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:North Holland geography stubs|North Holland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NorthHolland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Overijssel geography stubs|Overijssel geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Overijssel-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South Holland geography stubs|South Holland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SouthHolland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Utrecht geography stubs|Utrecht geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Utrecht-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Zeeland geography stubs|Zeeland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Zeeland-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Norway geography stubs|Norway geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Norway-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Akershus geography stubs|Akershus geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Akershus-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Aust-Agder geography stubs|Aust-Agder geography stubs]]''' {{tl|AustAgder-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Buskerud geography stubs|Buskerud geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Buskerud-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Finnmark geography stubs|Finnmark geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Finnmark-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hedmark geography stubs|Hedmark geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hedmark-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hordaland geography stubs|Hordaland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hordaland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Møre og Romsdal geography stubs|Møre og Romsdal geography stubs]]''' {{tl|MøreRomsdal-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Nordland geography stubs|Nordland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Nordland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Nord-Trøndelag geography stubs|Nord-Trøndelag geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NordTrøndelag-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Oppland geography stubs|Oppland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Oppland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Oslo geography stubs|Oslo geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Oslo-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Rogaland geography stubs|Rogaland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Rogaland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sogn og Fjordane geography stubs|Sogn og Fjordane geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SognFjordane-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Sør-Trøndelag geography stubs|Sør-Trøndelag geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SørTrøndelag-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Telemark geography stubs|Telemark geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Telemark-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Troms geography stubs|Troms geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Troms-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Vest-Agder geography stubs|Vest-Agder geography stubs]]''' {{tl|VestAgder-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Vestfold geography stubs|Vestfold geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Vestfold-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Østfold geography stubs|Østfold geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Østfold-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Poland geography stubs|Poland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Poland-geo-stub}}

*** '''[[:Category:Lower Silesia geography stubs| Lower Silesia geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|LowerSilesian-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kuyavian-Pomeranian geography stubs| Kuyavian-Pomeranian geography stubs ]]''' }} {{tl|KuyavianPomeranian-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lublin geography stubs| Lublin geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Lublin-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lubusz geography stubs|Lubusz geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Lubusz-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Łódź geography stubs| Łódź geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Lodz-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Lesser Poland geography stubs| Lesser Poland geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|LesserPoland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Masovian geography stubs| Masovian geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Masovian-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Opole geography stubs| Opole geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Opole-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Subcarpathian geography stubs| Subcarpathian geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Subcarpathian-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Podlasie geography stubs| Podlasie geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Podlasie-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Pomeranian geography stubs| Pomeranian geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Pomeranian-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Silesian geography stubs| Silesian geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Silesian-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Świętokrzyskie geography stubs| Świętokrzyskie geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|Swietokrzyskie-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Warmian-Masurian geography stubs| Warmian-Masurian geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|WarmianMasurian-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Greater Poland geography stubs| Greater Poland geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|GreaterPoland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:West Pomeranian geography stubs| West Pomeranian geography stubs ]]''' {{tl|WestPomeranian-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Portugal geography stubs|Portugal geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Portugal-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Azores geography stubs|Azores geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Azores-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Romania geography stubs|Romania geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Romania-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Russia geography stubs|Russia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Russia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Central Russia geography stubs|Central Russia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Central-Russia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Northwestern Russia geography stubs|Northwestern Russia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Northwest-Russia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Russian Far East geography stubs|Russian Far East geography stubs]]''' {{tl|FarEast-Russia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Siberia geography stubs|Siberia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Siberia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Southern Russia geography stubs|Southern Russia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|South-Russia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Urals Federal District geography stubs|Urals Federal District geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Urals-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Volga Federal District geography stubs|Volga Federal District geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Volga-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Serbia geography stubs|Serbia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Serbia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Slovakia geography stubs|Slovakia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Slovakia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Slovenia geography stubs|Slovenia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Slovenia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Spain geography stubs|Spain geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Spain-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Andalusia geography stubs|Andalusia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Andalusia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Aragon geography stubs|Aragon geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Aragon-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Asturias geography stubs|Asturias geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Asturias-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Basque geography stubs|Basque geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Basque-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Castile-La Mancha geography stubs|Castile-La Mancha geography stubs]]''' {{tl|CastileLaMancha-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Castile-Leon geography stubs|Castile-Leon geography stubs]]''' {{tl|CastileLeon-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Catalonia geography stubs|Catalonia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Catalonia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Extremadura geography stubs|Extremadura geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Extremadura-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Galicia geography stubs|Galicia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Galicia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Madrid geography stubs|Madrid geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Madrid-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Navarre geography stubs|Navarre geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Navarre-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Valencia geography stubs|Valencia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Valencia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Sweden geography stubs|Sweden geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Sweden-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Switzerland geography stubs|Switzerland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Switzerland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Aargau geography stubs|Aargau geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Aargau-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Canton of Berne geography stubs|Canton of Berne geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Berne-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Canton of Jura geography stubs|Canton of Jura geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Jura-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Canton of Lucerne geography stubs|Canton of Lucerne geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Lucerne-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Canton of Neuchâtel geography stubs|Canton of Neuchâtel geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Neuchâtel-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Grisons geography stubs|Grisons geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Grisons-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Vaud geography stubs|Vaud geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Vaud-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ukraine geography stubs|Ukraine geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Ukraine-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:United Kingdom geography stubs|United Kingdom geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|UK-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:England geography stubs|England geography stubs]]''' {{tl|England-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Bedfordshire geography stubs|Bedfordshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bedfordshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Berkshire geography stubs|Berkshire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Berkshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Bristol geography stubs|Bristol geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bristol-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Buckinghamshire geography stubs|Buckinghamshire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Buckinghamshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Cambridgeshire geography stubs|Cambridgeshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Cambridgeshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Cheshire geography stubs|Cheshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Cheshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Cornwall geography stubs|Cornwall geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Cornwall-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Cumbria geography stubs|Cumbria geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Cumbria-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Derbyshire geography stubs|Derbyshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Derbyshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Devon geography stubs|Devon geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Devon-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Dorset geography stubs|Dorset geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Dorset-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:County Durham geography stubs|County Durham geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Durham-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:East Riding of Yorkshire geography stubs|East Riding of Yorkshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|EastRiding-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:East Sussex geography stubs|East Sussex geography stubs]]''' {{tl|EastSussex-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Essex geography stubs|Essex geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Essex-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Gloucestershire geography stubs|Gloucestershire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Gloucestershire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Hampshire geography stubs|Hampshire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Hampshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Herefordshire geography stubs|Herefordshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Herefordshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Hertfordshire geography stubs|Hertfordshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Hertfordshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Isle of Wight geography stubs|Isle of Wight geography stubs]]''' {{tl|IsleofWight-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Kent geography stubs|Kent geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Kent-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Lancashire geography stubs|Lancashire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Lancashire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Leicestershire geography stubs|Leicestershire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Leicestershire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Lincolnshire geography stubs|Lincolnshire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Lincolnshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:London geography stubs|London geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|London-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Greater Manchester geography stubs|Greater Manchester geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Manchester-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Merseyside geography stubs|Merseyside geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Merseyside-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Norfolk geography stubs|Norfolk geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Norfolk-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Northamptonshire geography stubs|Northamptonshire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Northamptonshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Northumberland geography stubs|Northumberland geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Northumberland-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:North Yorkshire geography stubs|North Yorkshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NorthYorkshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Nottinghamshire geography stubs|Nottinghamshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Nottinghamshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Oxfordshire geography stubs|Oxfordshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Oxfordshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Rutland geography stubs|Rutland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Rutland-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Shropshire geography stubs|Shropshire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Shropshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Somerset geography stubs|Somerset geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Somerset-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Staffordshire geography stubs|Staffordshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Staffordshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:South Yorkshire geography stubs|South Yorkshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SouthYorkshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Suffolk geography stubs|Suffolk geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Suffolk-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Surrey geography stubs|Surrey geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Surrey-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Warwickshire geography stubs|Warwickshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Warwickshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:West Midlands geography stubs|West Midlands geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|WestMidlands-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:West Sussex geography stubs|West Sussex geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|WestSussex-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:West Yorkshire geography stubs|West Yorkshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|WestYorkshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Wiltshire geography stubs|Wiltshire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Wiltshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Worcestershire geography stubs|Worcestershire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Worcestershire-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Northern Ireland geography stubs|Northern Ireland geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|NI-geo-stub}}

****{{tl|Belfast-geo-stub}} ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Belfast|*W]]) feeds into this category

***'''[[:Category:Scotland geography stubs|Scotland geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Scotland-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Argyll and Bute geography stubs|Argyll and Bute geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Argyll-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Glasgow geography stubs|Glasgow geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Glasgow-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Highland geography stubs|Highland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Highland-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Western Isles geography stubs|Western Isles geography stubs]]''' {{tl|WesternIsles-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Wales geography stubs|Wales geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Wales-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Anglesey geography stubs|Anglesey geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Anglesey-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Carmarthenshire geography stubs|Carmarthenshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Carmarthenshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Ceredigion geography stubs|Ceredigion geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Ceredigion-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Clwyd geography stubs|Clwyd geography stubs]]'''

*****{{tl|Conwy-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Denbighshire-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Flintshire-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Wrexham-geo-stub}} feed into this category

****'''[[:Category:Glamorgan geography stubs|Glamorgan geography stubs]]'''

*****{{tl|Cardiff-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Rhondda-Cynon-Taff-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Merthyr-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Bridgend-geo-stub}}, {{tl|NeathPortTalbot-geo-stub}}, {{tl|ValeofGlamorgan-geo-stub}} feed into this category

*****'''[[:Category:Swansea geography stubs|Swansea geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Swansea-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Gwent geography stubs|Gwent geography stubs]]'''

*****{{tl|Torfaen-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Monmouthshire-geo-stub}}, {{tl|Caerphilly-geo-stub}} feed into this category

*****'''[[:Category:Newport geography stubs|Newport geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Newport-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Gwynedd geography stubs|Gwynedd geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Gwynedd-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Pembrokeshire geography stubs|Pembrokeshire geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Pembrokeshire-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Powys geography stubs|Powys geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Powys-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Channel Islands geography stubs|Channel Islands geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|ChannelIslands-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Isle of Man geography stubs|Isle of Man geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|IsleofMan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:British Atlantic territories geography stubs|British Atlantic territories geography stubs]]''' {{tl|UK-Atlantic-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Bermuda geography stubs|Bermuda geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Bermuda-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Falkland Islands geography stubs|Falkland Islands geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Falklands-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands geography stubs|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SouthGeorgia-geo-stub}}

=====North and Central American geography=====

Another consequence of urban heat islands is the increased energy required for [[air conditioning]] and [[refrigeration]] in cities that are in comparatively hot climates. The Heat Island Group estimates that the heat island effect costs [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] about $100 million per year in energy. Conversely, those that are in cold climates such as [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] would presumably need somewhat less in the way of heating.

*'''[[:Category:Bermuda geography stubs|Bermuda geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Bermuda-geo-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Canada geography stubs|Canada geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Canada-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Alberta geography stubs|Alberta geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Alberta|*W]] | {{tl|Alberta-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:British Columbia geography stubs|British Columbia geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|BritishColumbia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Manitoba geography stubs|Manitoba geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Manitoba-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:New Brunswick geography stubs|New Brunswick geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NewBrunswick-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Newfoundland and Labrador geography stubs|Newfoundland and Labrador geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Newfoundland-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Northwest Territories geography stubs|Northwest Territories geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NorthwestTerritories-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nova Scotia geography stubs|Nova Scotia geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|NovaScotia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nunavut geography stubs|Nunavut geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Nunavut-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Ontario geography stubs|Ontario geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ontario|*W]] | {{tl|Ontario-geo-stub}}}

***'''[[:Category:Eastern Ontario geography stubs|Eastern Ontario geography stubs]]''' {{tl|EasternOntario-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Golden Horseshoe geography stubs|Golden Horseshoe geography stubs]]''' {{tl|GoldenHorseshoe-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Northern Ontario geography stubs|Northern Ontario geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NorthernOntario-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Toronto geography stubs|Toronto geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Toronto-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Western Ontario geography stubs|Western Ontario geography stubs]]''' {{tl|WesternOntario-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Prince Edward Island geography stubs|Prince Edward Island geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|PrinceEdwardIsland-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Quebec geography stubs|Quebec geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | {{tl|Quebec-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Saskatchewan geography stubs|Saskatchewan geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Saskatchewan-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Yukon Territory geography stubs|Yukon Territory geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Yukon-geo-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Caribbean geography stubs|Caribbean geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Caribbean-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Bahamas geography stubs|Bahamas geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Bahamas-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Barbados geography stubs|Barbados geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Barbados-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Cuba geography stubs|Cuba geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Cuba-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Dominica geography stubs|Dominica geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Dominica-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Dominican Republic geography stubs|Dominican Republic geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|DominicanRepublic-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Jamaica geography stubs|Jamaica geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Jamaica-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Puerto Rico geography stubs|Puerto Rico geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|PuertoRico-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Trinidad and Tobago geography stubs|Trinidad and Tobago geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Trinidad-geo-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Central America geography stubs|Central America geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|CentralAm-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Belize geography stubs|Belize geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Belize-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Costa Rica geography stubs|Costa Rica geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|CostaRica-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Costa Rican protected area stubs|Costa Rican protected area stubs]]''' - {{tl|CostaRica-protected-area-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:El Salvador geography stubs|El Salvador geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|ElSalvador-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Guatemala geography stubs|Guatemala geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Guatemala-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Honduras geography stubs|Honduras geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Honduras-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Nicaragua geography stubs|Nicaragua geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Nicaragua-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Panama geography stubs|Panama geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Panama-geo-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Greenland geography stubs|Greenland geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Greenland-geo-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:Mexico geography stubs|Mexico geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Mexico-geo-stub}}

*'''[[:Category:United States geography stubs|United States geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|US-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Midwestern United States geography stubs|Midwestern United States geography stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Illinois geography stubs|Illinois geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Illinois-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Indiana geography stubs|Indiana geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Indiana-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kansas geography stubs|Kansas geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Kansas-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Michigan geography stubs|Michigan geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Michigan-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Minnesota geography stubs|Minnesota geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Minnesota-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Missouri geography stubs|Missouri geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Missouri-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Ohio geography stubs|Ohio geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Ohio-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South Dakota geography stubs|South Dakota geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|SouthDakota-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Wisconsin geography stubs|Wisconsin geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Wisconsin|*W]] | - {{tl|Wisconsin-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Northeastern United States geography stubs|Northeastern United States geography stubs]]''' - Container category, so no associated template.

***'''[[:Category:Connecticut geography stubs|Connecticut geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Connecticut-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Maine geography stubs|Maine geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Maine-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Massachusetts geography stubs|Massachusetts geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Massachusetts-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New Hampshire geography stubs|New Hampshire geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|NewHampshire-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New Jersey geography stubs|New Jersey geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|NewJersey-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New York geography stubs|New York geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|NewYork-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Pennsylvania geography stubs|Pennsylvania geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Pennsylvania-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Rhode Island geography stubs|Rhode Island geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|RhodeIsland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Vermont geography stubs|Vermont geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Vermont-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Southern United States geography stubs| Southern United States geography stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Washington, D.C. geography stubs|Washington, D.C. geography stubs]]''' ({{tl|WashingtonDC-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Florida geography stubs|Florida geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Florida|*W]]) - {{tl|Florida-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Georgia (U.S. state) geography stubs|Georgia (U.S. state) geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|GeorgiaUS-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Kentucky geography stubs|Kentucky geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Kentucky-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category: Louisiana geography stubs|Louisiana geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Louisiana-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Maryland geography stubs|Maryland geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Maryland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Mississippi geography stubs|Mississippi geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Mississippi-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:North Carolina geography stubs|North Carolina geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|NorthCarolina-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Oklahoma geography stubs|Oklahoma geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Oklahoma-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South Carolina geography stubs|South Carolina geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|SouthCarolina-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tennessee geography stubs|Tennessee geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Tennessee-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Texas geography stubs|Texas geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Texas-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Virginia geography stubs|Virginia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Virginia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:West Virginia geography stubs|West Virginia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|WestVirginia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Western United States geography stubs|Western United States geography stubs]]'''

***'''[[:Category:Alaska geography stubs|Alaska geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Alaska-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Arizona geography stubs|Arizona geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Arizona-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:California geography stubs|California geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | [[Wikipedia:WikiProject California|*W]] | - {{tl|California-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Southern California geography stubs|Southern California geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Southern California|*W]] | - {{tl|California-south-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Colorado geography stubs|Colorado geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Colorado-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Hawaii geography stubs|Hawaii geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Hawaii-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Montana geography stubs|Montana geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Montana-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New Mexico geography stubs|New Mexico geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|NewMexico-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Oregon geography stubs|Oregon geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Oregon-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Utah geography stubs|Utah geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub redirects|*R]] | - {{tl|Utah-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Washington geography stubs|Washington geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Washington-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Wyoming geography stubs|Wyoming geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Wyoming-geo-stub}}

=====Oceanian geography=====

Aside from the obvious effect on temperature, UHIs can produce secondary effects on local meteorology, including the altering local wind patterns, the development of clouds and fog, the number of lightning strikes, and the rates of precipitation.

*'''[[:Category:Oceania geography stubs|Oceania geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Oceania-geo-stub}}

**<small>{{tl|Nauru-geo-stub}} feeds into this category</small>

**'''[[:Category:Australia geography stubs|Australia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Australia-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Australian Capital Territory geography stubs|Australian Capital Territory geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Canberra|*W]] | {{tl|Canberra-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Queensland geography stubs|Queensland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Queensland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:New South Wales geography stubs|New South Wales geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NewSouthWales-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Sydney geography stubs|Sydney geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Sydney|*W]] | {{tl|Sydney-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Northern Territory geography stubs|Northern Territory geography stubs]]''' {{tl|NorthernTerritory-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:South Australia geography stubs|South Australia geography stubs]]''' {{tl|SouthAustralia-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Adelaide geography stubs|Adelaide geography stubs]]''' ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Adelaide|*W]] | {{tl|Adelaide-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Tasmania geography stubs|Tasmania geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tasmania|*W]] | {{tl|Tasmania-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Victoria geography stubs|Victoria geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Victoria-geo-stub}}

****'''[[:Category:Melbourne geography stubs|Melbourne geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Melbourne|*W]] | {{tl|Melbourne-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Western Australia geography stubs|Western Australia geography stubs]]''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Western Australia|*W]] | {{tl|WesternAustralia-geo-stub}}

***<small>Other child: {{tl|Australia-road-stub}} in [[#Transport|Transport]] under {{tl|Road-stub}}</small>

**'''[[:Category:Fiji geography stubs|Fiji geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Fiji-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:French Polynesia geography stubs|French Polynesia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|FrenchPolynesia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:New Caledonia geography stubs|New Caledonia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|NewCaledonia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:New Zealand geography stubs|New Zealand geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|NZ-geo-stub}}

***<small>{{tl|BayofPlenty-geo-stub}}}} {{tl|Gisborne-geo-stub}} {{tl|Hawke'sBay-geo-stub}} {{tl|ManawatuWanganui-geo-stub}} {{tl|Marlborough-geo-stub}} {{tl|Nelson-geo-stub}} {{tl|Northland-geo-stub}} {{tl|Taranaki-geo-stub}} {{tl|Tasman-geo-stub}} {{tl|Wellington-geo-stub}} all feed into this category</small>

***'''[[:Category:Auckland Region geography stubs|Auckland Region geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Auckland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Canterbury, New Zealand geography stubs|Canterbury, New Zealand geography stubs]]''' {{tl|CanterburyNZ-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Otago geography stubs|Otago geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Otago-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Southland geography stubs|Southland geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Southland-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Waikato geography stubs|Waikato geography stubs]]''' {{tl|Waikato-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:West Coast, New Zealand geography stubs|West Coast, New Zealand geography stubs]]''' {{tl|WestCoastNZ-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Papua New Guinea geography stubs|Papua New Guinea geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|PapuaNewGuinea-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Samoa geography stubs|Samoa geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Samoa-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Solomon Islands geography stubs|Solomon Islands geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Solomons-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Tuvalu geography stubs|Tuvalu geography stubs]]''' - {{tl| Tuvalu-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Vanuatu geography stubs|Vanuatu geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Vanuatu-geo-stub}}

=====South American geography=====

Using satellite images, researchers discovered that city climates have a noticeable influence on plant growing seasons up to 10 kilometers (6 miles) away from a city’s edges. Growing seasons in 70 cities in eastern North America were about 15 days longer in urban areas compared to rural areas outside of a city’s influence.[http://eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NasaNews/2004/2004072917348.html][http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2004/0801uhigreen.html]

*'''[[:Category:South America geography stubs|South America geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|SouthAm-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Argentina geography stubs|Argentina geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Argentina-geo-stub}}

==UHI mitigation==

**'''[[:Category:Bolivia geography stubs|Bolivia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Bolivia-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Brazil geography stubs|Brazil geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Brazil-geo-stub}}

The heat island effect can be counteracted slightly by using white or reflective materials to build houses, pavements, and roads, thus increasing the overall albedo of the city. This is a long established practice in many countries. A second option is to increase the amount of well-watered vegetation. These two options can be combined with the implementation of [[green roof]]s.

***'''[[:Category:Amazonas (Brazilian state) geography stubs|Amazonas (Brazilian state) geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|AmazonasBR-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:Espírito Santo geography stubs|Espírito Santo geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|EspiritoSanto-geo-stub}}

==[[diel|Diurnal]] Behavior==

***'''[[:Category:Minas Gerais geography stubs|Minas Gerais geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|MinasGerais-geo-stub}}

***'''[[:Category:São Paulo (state) geography stubs|São Paulo (state) geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|SaoPauloState-geo-stub}}

The [[IPCC]] states that "it is well-known that compared to non-urban areas urban heat islands raise night-time temperatures more than daytime temperatures." [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/052.htm#2221]. For example, Moreno-Garcia (Int. J. Climatology, 1994) found that Barcelona was 0.2&deg;C cooler for daily maxima and 2.9&deg;C warmer for minima than a nearby rural station. In fact, a description of the very first report of the UHI by [[Luke Howard]] in [[1820]] says:

**'''[[:Category:Chile geography stubs|Chile geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Chile-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Colombia geography stubs|Colombia geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Colombia-geo-stub}}

:''Howard was also to discover that the urban center was warmer at night than the surrounding countryside, a condition we now call the urban heat island. Under a table presented in The Climate of London (1820), of a nine-year comparison between temperature readings in London and in the country, he commented: "Night is 3.70&deg; warmer and day 0.34&deg; cooler in the city than in the country." He attributed this difference to the extensive use of fuel in the city.'' [http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/history/howard.htm].

**'''[[:Category:Ecuador geography stubs|Ecuador geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Ecuador-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Guyana geography stubs|Guyana geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Guyana-geo-stub}}

Though the air temperature UHI is generally most apparent at night, urban heat islands exhibit significant and somewhat paradoxical diurnal behavior. The air temperature UHI is large at night and small during the day, while the opposite is true for the surface temperature UHI. From Roth et al. (1990):

**'''[[:Category:Paraguay geography stubs|Paraguay geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Paraguay-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Peru geography stubs|Peru geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Peru-geo-stub}}

:''Nocturnal urban&ndash;rural differences ... in surface temperatures are much smaller than in the day-time. This is the reverse of the case for near-surface air temperatures.''

**'''[[:Category:Suriname geography stubs|Suriname geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Suriname-geo-stub}}

**'''[[:Category:Uruguay geography stubs|Uruguay geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Uruguay-geo-stub}}

Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are free of clouds, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of [[solar radiation]]. As described above, the surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas. By virtue of their high [[heat capacity|heat capacities]], these urban surfaces act as a giant reservoir of heat energy. (For example, concrete can hold roughly 2000 times as much heat as an equivalent volume of air.) As a result, the large daytime surface temperature UHI is easily seen via thermal remote sensing (e.g. Lee, 1993).

**'''[[:Category:Venezuela geography stubs|Venezuela geography stubs]]''' - {{tl|Venezuela-geo-stub}}

However, as is often the case with daytime heating, this warming also has the effect of generating [[convection|convective]] winds within the urban [[boundary layer]]. It is theorized that, due to the atmospheric mixing that results, the air temperature UHI is generally minimal or nonexistant during the day, though the surface temperatures can reach extremely high levels (Camilloni and Barros, 1997).

At night, however, the situation reverses. The absence of solar heating causes the atmospheric convection to decrease, and the urban boundary layer begins to stabilize. If enough stablization occurs, an [[inversion layer]] is formed. This traps the urban air near the surface, and allows it to heat from the still-warm urban surfaces, forming the nighttime air temperature UHI.

The explanation for the night-time maximum is that the principal cause of UHI is blocking of "sky view" during cooling: surfaces lose heat at night principally by radiation to the (comparitavely cold) sky, and this is blocked by the buildings in an urban area. Radiative cooling is more dominant when wind speed is low and the sky is cloudless, and indeed the UHI is found to be largest at night in these conditions [http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~jon/WWW/uhi-melb.html] [http://ams.confex.com/ams/AFMAPUE/4Urban/abstracts/34944.htm].

==Relation to global warming==

Because some parts of some cities may be several degrees hotter than their surroundings, a difference double or triple the warming observed over the [[historical temperature record]], there is a risk that the effects of [[urban sprawl]] might be misinterpreted as an increase in [[global warming|global temperature]]. However, the fact that the UHI is so large is, paradoxically, evidence that it is largely absent from the record, otherwise warming would be shown as much larger in the record. The 'heat island' warming does unquestionably affect cities and the people who live in them, but it is not at all clear that it biases ''trends'' in [[historical temperature record]]: for example, urban and rural trends are very similar.

The IPCC says:

:''However, over the Northern Hemisphere land areas where urban heat islands are most apparent, both the trends of lower-tropospheric temperature and surface air temperature show no significant differences. In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28&deg;C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27&deg;C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.'' [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/052.htm#2221]

Note that not all cities show a warming relative to their rural surroundings. For example, Hansen et al. (JGR, 2001) adjusted trends in urban stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record. Of these adjustments, 42% ''warmed'' the urban trends: which is to say that in 42% of cases, the cities were getting ''cooler'' relative to their surroundings rather than warmer. One reason is that urban areas are heterogeneous, and weather stations are often sited in "cool islands" - parks, for example - within urban areas.

The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], which has issued several influential reports on climate trends, says that the effects of urban heat islands on the recorded temperature "do not exceed about 0.05&deg;C over the period 1900 to 1990." Note that this is a ''maximum'': it does not exclude zero influence. This statement rests on various sources, contributing reasons being [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/052.htm#222]:

* land, sea, and borehole records are in reasonable agreement over the last century. (Much more heat has gone into the earth and the ocean depths than remains in the wispy atmosphere, and the ocean and borehole records have not been questioned.) [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/fig2-6.htm]

* the trends in urban stations for 1951 to 1989 (0.10&deg;C/decade) are not greatly more than those for all land stations (0.09&deg;C/decade).

* simlarly the rural trend is 0.70&deg;C/century from 1880 to 1998, which is actually '''larger''' than the full station trend (0.65&deg;C/century).[http://www.agu.org/pubs/abs/gl/1998GL900322/1998GL900322.html (Peterson et al., GRL, 1999)]

* the differences in trend between rural and all stations are also virtually unaffected by elimination of areas of largest temperature change, like Siberia, because such areas are well represented in both sets of stations.

* Over the Northern Hemisphere land areas where urban heat islands are most apparent the trends of lower-tropospheric temperature and surface air temperature show no significant differences. In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28&deg;C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27&deg;C/decade). [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/052.htm#2221]

A 2003 paper ("Assessment of urban versus rural in situ surface temperatures in the contiguous United States: No difference found"; J climate; Peterson; 2003) indicates that the effects of the urban heat island may have been overstated, finding that "Contrary to generally accepted wisdom, no statistically significant impact of urbanization could be found in annual temperatures." This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher, and thus cooler, than urban areas). As the paper says, if its conclusion is accepted, then it is necessary to "unravel the mystery of how a global temperature time series created partly from urban in situ stations could show no contamination from urban warming." The main conclusion is that micro- and local-scale impacts dominate the meso-scale impact of the urban heat island: many sections of towns may be warmer than rural sites, but meteorological observations are likely to be made in park "cool islands."

A study by David Parker published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in November 2004 attempts to test the urban heat island theory, by comparing temperature readings taken on calm nights with those taken on windy nights. If the urban heat island theory is correct then instruments should have recorded a bigger temperature rise for calm nights than for windy ones, because wind blows excess heat away from cities and away from the measuring instruments. There was no difference between the calm and windy nights, and the author says: ''we show that, globally, temperatures over land have risen as much on windy nights as on calm nights, indicating that the observed overall warming is not a consequence of urban development'' [http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v432/n7015/abs/432290a_fs.html] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4021197.stm]

Another view, often held by skeptics of global warming, is that the heat island effect accounts for much or nearly all warming recorded by land-based thermometers. However, these views are only aired in the "popular literature" and there are no known scientific peer-reviewed papers holding this view. Some have argued for an ill-defined "influence" of the UHI on the temperature records without attempting to quantify it - for example [[Richard Lindzen]] in 1990 [http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/cooglobwrm.pdf].

== References ==

*{{cite journal | author=R. W. Buechley, J. Van Bruggen, and L. E. Trippi| title=Heat island = death island? | journal=Environmental Research | year=1972 | volume=5 | pages=85–92 }}

*{{cite journal | author=I. Camilloni and V. Barros| title=On the urban heat island effect dependence on temperature trends| journal=Climatic Change| year=1997| volume=37 | pages=665–681}}

*{{cite journal | author=S. A. Changnon, Jr., K. E. Kunkel, and B. C. Reinke| title=Impacts and responses to the 1995 heat wave: A call to action | journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | year=1996 | volume=77 | pages=1497–1506 }}

* {{cite journal | author=J. F. Clarke | title=Some effects of the urban structure on heat mortality | journal=Environmental Research | year=1972 | volume=5 | pages=93–104}}

* {{Book reference|Author=Helmut E. Landsberg|Title=The Urban Climate|Publisher=New York: Academic Press|Year=1981|ID=0124359604}}

* {{cite journal|author=H.-Y. Lee|year=1993|title=An application of NOAA AVHRR thermal data to the study or urban heat islands|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=27B|pages=1–13}}

* {{cite journal|author=T. R. Oke|year=1982|title=The energetic basis of the urban heat island|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|volume=108|pages=1–24}}

* {{cite journal|author=David E. Parker|year=2004|title=Climate: Large-scale warming is not urban|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=432|pages=290}}

* {{cite journal|author=Thomas C. Peterson|year=2003|title=Assessment of Urban Versus Rural In Situ Surface Temperatures in the Contiguous United States: No Difference Found|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=16|pages=2941–2959}} [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/rural.urban.ppt ppt version]

* {{cite journal | author=M. Roth, T. R. Oke, and W. J. Emery | title=Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatology | journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing | year=1989 | volume=10 | pages=1699–1720}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/052.htm#2221 Land-Surface Air Temperature] - from the [[IPCC]]

* [http://eetd.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/LEARN/ Learning about Heat Islands] - from the Heat Island Group

* [http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~jon/WWW/uhi-melb.html Urban Heat Islands and Climate Change] - from the University of Melbourne, Australia

* [http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html Urban Heat Islands: Hotter Cities] By James A. Voogt

* [http://www.sheddaquarium.org/pdfs/press/dr_3_2_2004_soybean%20roof.pdf Chicago's Shedd Aquarium installs soybean roof in an attempt to decrease the Urban Heat Island Effect (PDF)]

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