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Whereas non-open access journals cover publishing costs through [[Subscription business model|access tolls]] such as subscriptions, site licenses or [[pay-per-view]] charges, open-access journals are characterised by funding models which do not require the reader to pay to read the journal's contents, relying instead on [[author fees]] or on public funding, subsidies and sponsorships. Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including [[peer-reviewed]] and non peer-reviewed [[academic journal]] articles, [[conference papers]], [[theses]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schöpfel |first1=Joachim |last2=Prost |first2=Hélène |year=2013 |title=Degrees of secrecy in an open environment. The case of electronic theses and dissertations |url=http://www.essachess.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/214 |url-status=live |journal=ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies |volume=6 |issue=2(12) |pages=65–86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101042356/http://www.essachess.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/214 |archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> book chapters,<ref name="suber overview" /> [[monograph]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=Meredith |year=2012 |title=Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live |url=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2012/04/academic-libraries/directory-of-open-access-books-goes-live/ |url-status=live |journal=Library Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231707/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2012/04/academic-libraries/directory-of-open-access-books-goes-live/ |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> [[research report]]s and images.<ref name="esatc">{{Cite news |date=July 2014 |title=Terms and conditions for the use and redistribution of Sentinel data|publisher=European Space Agency |issue=version 1.0 |url=https://scihub.copernicus.eu/twiki/pub/SciHubWebPortal/TermsConditions/TC_Sentinel_Data_31072014.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208083453/https://scihub.copernicus.eu/twiki/pub/SciHubWebPortal/TermsConditions/TC_Sentinel_Data_31072014.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
There are different models of open access publishing and publishers may use one or more of these models.
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