Utente:BlackPanther2013/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni
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|colspan="3"| <small>Basato su: Williams ''et al.'', 2001<ref name="Williams">{{cita libro | autore=J. Williams ''et al.'' | anno=2001 | titolo=Biodiversity, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327235509/http://environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/pubs/biodiversity.pdf | editore=CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage | città=Canberra | isbn=0-643-06749-3}}</ref> e Chapman, 2009<ref>{{cita web | url=https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/2ee3f4a1-f130-465b-9c7a-79373680a067/files/nlsaw-2nd-complete.pdf | titolo=Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World | autore=Arthur D. Chapman | data=settembre 2009 | editore=Australian Biological Resources Study | edizione=2 | accesso=27 agosto 2021}}</ref></small>
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Delle {{M|200000}} specie animali che si stima vivano in Australia, circa il 96% sono invertebrati. Sebbene non si conosca a pieno l'intera varietà della fauna invertebrata, il 90% degli [[Insecta|insetti]] e dei [[Mollusca|molluschi]] è considerato endemico.<ref name="Williams"/> Gli invertebrati occupano molte nicchie ecologiche e sono di fondamentale importanza nei vari ecosistemi come decompositori,<ref name=e492>{{cita|Egerton, 2005|p. 492}}.</ref> impollinatori e fonte di cibo.<ref name=e494>{{cita|Egerton, 2005|pp. 494-495, 520, 553}}.</ref> Il gruppo più grande di invertebrati è quello degli insetti, che comprende il 75% delle specie animali conosciute d'Australia. Gli ordini di insetti più diversificati sono i [[Coleoptera|Coleotteri]], con {{M|28200}} specie di [[Coleoptera|scarabei]] e [[Curculionoidea|curculioni]],<ref name=e538>{{Egerton, 2005|pp. 538-540}}.</ref> i [[Lepidoptera|Lepidotteri]], con {{M|20816}} specie di [[Farfalla|farfalle]] e [[Falena|falene]],<ref name=e545>{{cita|Egerton, 2005|p. 545}}.</ref> e [[Hymenoptera|Imenotteri]], con circa {{M|14800}} specie di [[Formicidae|formiche]], [[Anthophila|api]] e [[Apocrita|vespe]].<ref name="CSIRO-Entomology">{{cita web | autore=CSIRO Entomology | titolo=Insects and their allies | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615124728/http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects_allies.html}}</ref> L'ordine dei [[Diptera|Ditteri]], che include [[Diptera|mosche]] e [[Culicidae|zanzare]], è rappresentato da 7786 specie.<ref name=e542>{{cita|Egerton, 2005|pp. 542-543}}.</ref> L'ordine degli [[Hemiptera|Emitteri]], che comprende cimici, afidi e cicaline,<ref name=e533>{{cita|Egerton, 2005|pp. 533-535}}.</ref> conta 5650 specie; e quello degli [[Orthoptera|Ortotteri]], che comprende [[Caelifera|cavallette]], [[Gryllidae|grilli]] e [[Tettigoniidae|tettigonie]], 2827.<ref name=e528>{{cita|Egerton, 2005|pp. 528-531}}.</ref> Tra le specie introdotte che rappresentano una minaccia significativa per le specie autoctone ricordiamo la [[Vespula germanica|vespa di terra]],<ref name=e552>{{cita|Egerton, 2005|p. 552}}.</ref> la [[Solenopsis invicta|formica di fuoco]],<ref>{{cita web | url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/ants/red_imported_fire_ant.htm#economic | titolo=Red imported fire ant – Solenopsis invicta | sito=Entomology.ifas.ufl.edu | accesso=24 luglio 2011 | urlmorto=sì | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921211110/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/ants/red_imported_fire_ant.htm#economic}}</ref> la [[Anoplolepis gracilipes|formica pazza gialla]]<ref>{{cita web | autore=Synergy International Limited | url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=110&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN | titolo=Issg Database: Ecology of Anoplolepis gracilipes | sito=Issg.org | accesso=24 luglio 2011 | urlmorto=sì | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212184249/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=110&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN}}</ref> e
[[File:Green ants.jpg|left|thumb|In Australia sono state descritte 1275 tra specie e sottospecie di formiche.<ref>{{cita web | autore=S. Shattuck e N. Barnett | anno=2001 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315185148/http://www.ento.csiro.au/science/ants/ants_in_australia.htm | titolo=Australian Ants Online | editore=CSIRO Entomology}}.</ref> Queste formiche tessitrici (''[[Oecophylla smaragdina]]'') sono diffuse nell'Australia tropicale e costruiscono nidi fatti di foglie.<ref name=e555>{{cita|Egerton, 2005|p. 555}}.</ref>]]
Australia has a wide variety of [[arachnid]]s, including 78 spider families<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |last1=Whyte|first1=Robert|last2=Anderson|first2=Greg|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9780643107076|___location=Clayton, Victoria, Australia}}</ref> with 79 species of [[List of common spiders of Australia|spider familiar enough to have common names]]. There are numerous highly venomous species, including the notorious [[Sydney funnel-web spider|Sydney funnel-web]] and allied mygalomorphs, whose [[spider attacks in Australia|bites can be deadly]].<ref>Egerton, p. 563.</ref> The [[redback spider]] was thought to be deadly but redback bites are no longer thought to be life-threatening, as the lack of deaths since 1956 was thought to be due to the development of an anti-venom which has since been shown to be no better than placebo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=White|first=Julian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794734478|title=A clinician's guide to Australian venomous bites and stings : incorporating the updated CSL antivenom handbook|date=2012|publisher=CSL Ltd|others=Julian White, CSL Limited|isbn=978-0-646-57998-6|___location=Parkville, Vic.|oclc=794734478}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Booth, Carol|date=July–September 2008|title=Along Came A Spider|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/along-came-a-spider.htm|url-status=dead|journal=Australian Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006070407/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/along-came-a-spider.htm|archive-date=6 October 2009|access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> There are thousands of species of mites and ticks from the subclass [[Acari]].<ref>Egerton, p. 557.</ref> Australia also has at least 150 species of [[pseudoscorpion]] with an estimated 550 more waiting to be described,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Order SCORPIONES|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/PSEUDOSCORPIONES|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304135805/http://www.biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Scorpiones|archive-date=4 March 2015|access-date=18 July 2017|website=Australian Faunal Directory|language=en}}</ref> and at least 17 scorpion genera with 120 species.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Names List for SCORPIONES|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/SCORPIONES/names|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511100909/https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/SCORPIONES/names|archive-date=11 May 2018|access-date=18 July 2017|website=Australian Faunal Directory|language=en}}</ref>
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