Wikipedia

Utente:BlackPanther2013/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni

Naviga nella cronologia in modo interattivo
← Differenza precedenteDifferenza successiva →
Contenuto cancellato Contenuto aggiunto
VisualeWikitesto
Annullata la modifica 141707960 di BlackPanther2013 (discussione)
Riga 168:
Secondo un rapporto del 2023 co-redatto dal biologo Tim Low, le specie invasive sono state la principale causa di estinzione degli animali nativi australiani dagli anni '60 in poi.<ref>{{cita web | data=8 novembre 2023 | titolo=Since 1960, Australia has lost 23 native animals in an extinction wave | sito=ABC News | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2023-11-08/native-species-lost-to-modern-extinction/103055638 | accesso=8 novembre 2023}}</ref>
 
== Impatto umano e conservazione ==
==Human impact and conservation==
Per almeno {{M|40000}} anni, la fauna australiana ha rivestito un ruolo fondamentale nello stile di vita tradizionale degli [[Aborigeni australiani|aborigeni]], che facevano affidamento su molte specie come fonte di cibo e di pelli. Tra i vertebrati che venivano cacciati più comunemente vi erano macropodidi, opossum, pinnipedi, pesci e la [[Ardenna tenuirostris|berta codacorta]], che, proprio per il suo impiego alimentare, ricevette il nomignolo di ''muttonbird'', «uccello montone». Tra gli invertebrati sfruttati a scopo alimentare vi erano insetti come la [[Agrotis infusa|falena bogong]] e le larve della falena ''Endoxyla leucomochla'' (note con il nomignolo di ''witchetty grub'') e molluschi. La pratica di incendiare regolarmente vaste aree di boscaglia per facilitare la caccia ha avuto ripercussioni sia sulla flora che sulla fauna e si pensa che abbia contribuito all'estinzione di grandi erbivori con una dieta specializzata, come gli uccelli incapaci di volare del genere ''[[Genyornis]]''.<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=G. H. Miller | anno=2005 | titolo=Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction | rivista=[[Science]] | volume=309 | numero=5732 | pp=287-290 | pmid=16002615 | doi=10.1126/science.1111288 | bibcode=2005Sci...309..287M | url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14709/files/PAL_E1537.pdf}}</ref> Il ruolo ricoperto dalla caccia e dalla modifica del paesaggio ad opera degli aborigeni nell'estinzione della [[megafauna australiana]] è tuttora dibattuto,<ref name="Thompson">{{cita libro |autore=J. M. Thomson ''et al.'' | anno=1987 | capitolo=Human Exploitation of and Introductions to the Australian Fauna | curatore=D. W. Walton | titolo=Fauna of Australia | volume=Volume 1A | editore=Australian Government Publishing Service | città=Canberra}}</ref> ma è sempre più accettata l'idea che che i responsabili dell'estinzione della megafauna siano stati gli esseri umani.<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | titolo=Robustness despite uncertainty: regional climate data reveal the dominant role of humans in explaining global extinctions of Late Quaternary megafauna | autore=Lewis J. Bartlett, David R. Williams, Graham W. Prescott, Andrew Balmford, Rhys E. Green, Anders Eriksson, Paul J. Valdes, Joy S. Singarayer e Andrea Manica | data=1 febbraio 2016 | rivista=Ecography | volume=39 | numero=2 | pp=152-161 | doi=10.1111/ecog.01566 | url=https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/ws/files/80785540/Bartlett_et_al_2015.pdf}}</ref>
{{Main|Conservation in Australia}}
[[File:Grey Nurse Shark at Fish Rock Cave, NSW.jpg|thumb|Lo [[Carcharias taurus|squalo toro]] è una specie gravemente minacciata presente lungo la costa dell'Australia orientale.|left]]
Nonostante il grande impatto degli aborigeni sulle popolazioni di specie autoctone, questo è considerato meno significativo di quello che hanno avuto i coloni europei,<ref name="Thompson"/> che hanno modificato il paesaggio su scala molto più ampia. Dopo l'insediamento degli europei, lo sfruttamento diretto della fauna autoctona, la distruzione dell'habitat e l'introduzione di predatori esotici ed erbivori competitori hanno portato all'estinzione di circa 27 specie di mammiferi, 23 di uccelli e 4 di rane. Oggi gran parte della fauna australiana gode di protezione legale.<ref name="Egerton, p. 44"/> Nel 1999 è stato istituito l'Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act federale per venire incontro ai requisiti richiesti dalla [[Convenzione sulla diversità biologica]] del 1992, cui l'Australia era stata una dei firmatari. Questa legge protegge tutte le specie autoctone e prevede l'identificazione e la protezione delle [[Specie a rischio|specie minacciate]]. Ogni stato e territorio ha stilato un elenco statutario delle specie minacciate. Attualmente, ai sensi dell'EPBC Act vengono classificate come in pericolo o minacciate 380 specie animali.<ref>{{cita web | autore=Department of the Environment and Heritage | titolo=EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427012826/http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicthreatenedlist.pl?wanted=fauna | data=27 aprile 2006}}</ref> Più in generale, è stata intrapresa una catalogazione completa di tutte le specie d'Australia, un passo fondamentale nella conservazione della fauna e della biodiversità del paese. Nel 1973, il governo federale ha istituito l'Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), che coordina le ricerche sulla tassonomia, l'identificazione, la classificazione e la distribuzione delle specie di flora e fauna. L'ABRS gestisce database online gratuiti che catalogano gran parte delle specie australiane descritte. Impacts such as the illegal setting of traps in rivers affect animals such as the Australian platypus, along with lack of awareness each year an average of 2–5 Australians lose their lives to what is presumed a safe creature. The key is understanding of Australia's diverse wildlife and fauna; what seems safe is often deadly.
 
Più in generale, è stata intrapresa una catalogazione completa di tutte le specie in Australia, un passo fondamentale nella conservazione della fauna e della biodiversità australiane. Nel 1973, il governo federale ha istituito l'Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), che coordina la ricerca sulla tassonomia, l'identificazione, la classificazione e la distribuzione di flora e fauna. L'ABRS gestisce database online gratuiti che catalogano gran parte della flora e della fauna australiane descritte. Impatti come l'installazione illegale di trappole nei fiumi colpiscono animali come l'ornitorinco australiano, insieme alla mancanza di consapevolezza, ogni anno una media di 2-5 australiani perdono la vita a causa di quella che si presume una creatura sicura. La chiave è la comprensione della fauna e della fauna australiane; ciò che sembra sicuro è spesso mortale.
For at least 40,000 years, Australia's fauna played an integral role in the traditional lifestyles of [[Indigenous Australians]], who relied upon many species as a source of food and skins. Vertebrates commonly harvested included macropods, possums, seals, fish and the [[short-tailed shearwater]], most commonly known as the muttonbird. Invertebrates used as food included insects such as the [[bogong moth]] and larvae collectively called [[witchetty grub]]s and molluscs. The use of [[fire-stick farming]], in which large swathes of bushland were burnt to facilitate hunting, modified both flora and fauna – and are thought to have contributed to the extinction of large herbivores with a specialised diet, such as the flightless birds from the genus ''[[Genyornis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = G. H. | year = 2005 | title = Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 309 | issue = 5732| pages = 287–290 | pmid = 16002615 | doi=10.1126/science.1111288| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..287M | s2cid = 22761857 | url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/14709/files/PAL_E1537.pdf }}</ref> The role of hunting and landscape modification by aboriginal people in the extinction of the [[Australian megafauna]] is debated,<ref name = "Thompson">Thomson, J.M. et al. 1987. Human Exploitation of and Introductions to the Australian Fauna. In D.W. Walton Ed. ''Fauna of Australia'', Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.</ref> but increasingly favours the idea humans were responsible for megafaunal extinction.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Robustness despite uncertainty: regional climate data reveal the dominant role of humans in explaining global extinctions of Late Quaternary megafauna|first1=Lewis J.|last1=Bartlett|first2=David R.|last2=Williams|first3=Graham W.|last3=Prescott|first4=Andrew|last4=Balmford|first5=Rhys E.|last5=Green|first6=Anders|last6=Eriksson|first7=Paul J.|last7=Valdes|first8=Joy S.|author8-link=Joy Singarayer|last8=Singarayer|first9=Andrea|last9=Manica|date=1 February 2016|journal=Ecography|volume=39|issue=2|pages = 152–161|doi=10.1111/ecog.01566|url=https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/ws/files/80785540/Bartlett_et_al_2015.pdf|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016Ecogr..39..152B }}</ref>
 
The [[L'Australian Wildlife Conservancy]] isè theil largestpiù privategrande ownerproprietario ofprivato landdel forpaese conservationdi interreni thedestinati countryalla whichconservazione: issi dedicateddedica toalla protectingprotezione endangereddelle speciesspecie acrossin via di estinzione su 4.,8 millionmilioni hectaresdi ofettari landdi interra thenelle mostregioni popularpiù regionspopolari, suchcome as theil Kimberley, CapeCapo York, Lakeil Lago Eyre ande theil Top End. ThisQuesta not-for-profitorganizzazione organisationsenza isscopo workingdi hardlucro tosta avoidlavorando extinctionduramente ofper theevitare endangeredl'estinzione nativedelle speciesspecie autoctone in variousvia wildlifedi estinzione in vari santuari della fauna sanctuariesselvatica.<ref>{{Citecita web | url=https://www.environment.gov.au/land/nrs/getting-involved/conservation-organisations/australian-wildlife-conservancy |title titolo=Australian Wildlife Conservancy |website sito=Australian Government Department of the Environment And Energy }}</ref>▼
[[Image:Grey Nurse Shark at Fish Rock Cave, NSW.jpg|thumb|The [[grey nurse shark]] is critically endangered on the Australian east coast.|left]]
Despite the major impact of Aboriginals on native species populations, this is considered to be less significant than that of the European settlers,<ref name="Thompson"/> whose impact on the landscape has been on a relatively large scale. Since European settlement, direct exploitation of native fauna, habitat destruction and the introduction of exotic predators and competitive herbivores has led to the extinction of some 27 mammal, 23 bird and 4 frog species. Much of Australia's fauna is protected by legislation.<ref name="Egerton, p. 44"/> The federal [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]] was created to meet Australia's obligations as a signatory to the 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]]. This act protects all native fauna and provides for the identification and protection of [[threatened species]]. In each state and territory, there is statutory listing of threatened species. At present, 380 animal species are classified as either endangered or threatened under the EPBC Act, and other species are protected under state and territory legislation.<ref>[[Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia)|Department of the Environment and Heritage]]. [http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicthreatenedlist.pl?wanted=fauna EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427012826/http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicthreatenedlist.pl?wanted=fauna |date=27 April 2006 }}</ref> More broadly, a complete cataloguing of all the species within Australia has been undertaken, a key step in the conservation of Australian fauna and biodiversity. In 1973, the federal government established the [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] (ABRS), which coordinates research in the taxonomy, identification, classification and distribution of flora and fauna. The ABRS maintains free online databases cataloguing much of the described Australian flora and fauna. Impacts such as the illegal setting of traps in rivers affect animals such as the Australian platypus, along with lack of awareness each year an average of 2–5 Australians lose their lives to what is presumed a safe creature. The key is understanding of Australia's diverse wildlife and fauna; what seems safe is often deadly.
 
L'Australia isè amembro member of thedella [[InternationalCommissione Whalinginternazionale Commissionper la caccia alle balene|Commissione baleniera internazionale]] ande issi stronglyoppone opposedfermamente toalla commercialcaccia whalingcommerciale —alle allbalene: cetaceannelle speciesacque areaustraliane protectedtutte inle Australianspecie watersdi cetacei sono protette.<ref>{{citecita web | url=http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/species/cetaceans/conservation/index.html |title titolo=Whale Protection – How is Australia protecting whales? |publisher sito=Environment.gov.au |date data=11 Junegiugno 2010 |access-date accesso=24 Julyluglio 2011 |url-status urlmorto=liveno |archive-url urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811091037/http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/species/cetaceans/conservation/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}</ref> L'Australia isè alsoanche afirmataria signatory to thedell'accordo [[ConventionCITES]] one theproibisce Internationall'esportazione Tradedi specie in Endangeredvia Speciesdi ofestinzione. WildPer Floraproteggere ande Fauna|CITES]]preservare agreementgli andecosistemi prohibitsunici thedel exportpaese ofsono endangeredstate species.create [[ProtectedParchi areas ofnazionali dell'Australia|Protectedaree areasprotette]] have been created in everyogni statestato ande territoryterritorio. toQueste protectaree andprotette preserveincludono theparchi country'snazionali uniquee ecosystems.riserve Thesedi protectedaltro areastipo, includecosì nationalcome parks64 andzone otherumide reserves,registrate asai wellsensi asdella 64[[Convenzione wetlandsdi registered under the [[Ramsar Convention]] ande 16 siti [[Worldpatrimonio Heritage Sitedell'umanità]]s. {{asNel of|2002}}, il 10.,8% della superficie australiana (774un'estensione pari a {{M|774619,619.51&nbsp;}} km<sup>2</sup>²) ofgodeva thedi totalun landqualche areagrado of Australia is within protecteddi areasprotezione.<ref>{{cita web | autore=Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002.| [http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/capad/anno=2002/index.html Summary| of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115093748/http://environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/capad/2002/index.html |date=15 November 2011 }}</ref> ProtectedPer marinepreservare zonesla havebiodiversità been createdmarina, in manymolte areaszone tosono preservestati marineistituiti biodiversity;anche {{asparchi marini: nel of|2002|lc=y}}, thesequeste areasaree covercoprivano aboutcirca il 7% (646,000&nbsp;{{M|646000}} km<sup>2</sup>²) ofdelle Australia'sacque marineterritoriali jurisdictiondell'Australia.<ref>{{cita web | autore=Department of the Environment and Heritage. | anno=2002. [http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/index.html#status| titolo=About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA)] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906213557/http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/index.html |date=6 September 2007 }}</ref> TheLa gestione della [[GreatGrande Barrierbarriera corallina|Grande Barriera ReefCorallina]] isè managedaffidata by thealla Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority underin specificbase federala andspecifiche stateleggi legislationfederali e statali. SomeAlcune ofdelle Australia'srisorse fisheriesittiche areaustraliane alreadysono già [[overexploitedSovrapesca|sovrasfruttate]],<ref>Newton,{{cita libro | curatore=G. andNewton Boshier,e J, eds. Boshier | anno=2001. [http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/coasts/pubs/coasts.pdf| ''titolo=Coasts and Oceans Theme Report, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001'' (Theme| Report)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112225809/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/coasts/pubs/coasts.pdf |date editore=12 January 2012 }}, CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, | città=Canberra. {{ISBN| isbn=0-643-06749-3}}</ref> ande quotassono havestate beenstabilite setquote forper theil sustainableprelievo harvestsostenibile ofdi manymolte specie marine species.▼
▲The [[Australian Wildlife Conservancy]] is the largest private owner of land for conservation in the country which is dedicated to protecting endangered species across 4.8 million hectares of land in the most popular regions such as the Kimberley, Cape York, Lake Eyre and the Top End. This not-for-profit organisation is working hard to avoid extinction of the endangered native species in various wildlife sanctuaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.environment.gov.au/land/nrs/getting-involved/conservation-organisations/australian-wildlife-conservancy |title=Australian Wildlife Conservancy|website=Australian Government Department of the Environment And Energy }}</ref>
 
Il ''rapporto sullo stato dell'ambiente del 2001'', redatto da ricercatori indipendenti per conto del governo federale, concluse che le condizioni dell'ambiente e la gestione ambientale in Australia erano peggiorate rispetto al precedente rapporto del 1996. Di particolare rilevanza per la conservazione della fauna selvatica, il rapporto ha indicato molte cause che pongono gravi problemi alla protezione della biodiversità, tra cui la [[salinizzazione]], le mutevoli consizioni idrologiche, la bonifica dei terreni, la frammentazione degli ecosistemi, la cattiva gestione dell'ambiente costiero e le [[Specie alloctona|specie invasive]].<ref>{{cita libro | autore=Australian State of the Environment Committee | anno=2001 | titolo=Australia State of the Environment 2001 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101221045/http://environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/report/index.html | editore CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage | isbn=0-643-06745-0}}</ref>
▲Australia is a member of the [[International Whaling Commission]] and is strongly opposed to commercial whaling — all cetacean species are protected in Australian waters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/species/cetaceans/conservation/index.html |title=Whale Protection – How is Australia protecting whales? |publisher=Environment.gov.au |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811091037/http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/species/cetaceans/conservation/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}</ref> Australia is also a signatory to the [[Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna|CITES]] agreement and prohibits the export of endangered species. [[Protected areas of Australia|Protected areas]] have been created in every state and territory to protect and preserve the country's unique ecosystems. These protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands registered under the [[Ramsar Convention]] and 16 [[World Heritage Site]]s. {{as of|2002}}, 10.8% (774,619.51&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of the total land area of Australia is within protected areas.<ref>Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. [http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/capad/2002/index.html Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115093748/http://environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/capad/2002/index.html |date=15 November 2011 }}</ref> Protected marine zones have been created in many areas to preserve marine biodiversity; {{as of|2002|lc=y}}, these areas cover about 7% (646,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of Australia's marine jurisdiction.<ref>Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. [http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/index.html#status About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906213557/http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/index.html |date=6 September 2007 }}</ref> The [[Great Barrier Reef]] is managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority under specific federal and state legislation. Some of Australia's fisheries are already [[overexploited]],<ref>Newton, G and Boshier, J, eds. 2001. [http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/coasts/pubs/coasts.pdf ''Coasts and Oceans Theme Report, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001'' (Theme Report)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112225809/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/coasts/pubs/coasts.pdf |date=12 January 2012 }}, CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. {{ISBN|0-643-06749-3}}</ref> and quotas have been set for the sustainable harvest of many marine species.
 
The ''State of the Environment Report, 2001'', prepared by independent researchers for the federal government, concluded that the condition of the environment and environmental management in Australia had worsened since the previous report in 1996. Of particular relevance to wildlife conservation, the report indicated that many processes — such as [[Salinity in Australia|salinity]], changing hydrological conditions, land clearing, fragmentation of ecosystems, poor management of the coastal environment, and [[Invasive species in Australia|invasive species]] — pose major problems for protecting Australia's biodiversity.<ref>Australian State of the Environment Committee. 2001. [http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/report/index.html ''Australia State of the Environment 2001''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101221045/http://environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/report/index.html |date=1 November 2010 }}, Independent Report to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage. CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage {{ISBN|0-643-06745-0}}</ref>
 
==See also==
Estratto da "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utente:BlackPanther2013/Sandbox"