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A partire dal 1212, i Kara-Khanidi di Samarcanda furono conquistati dai [[Impero Corasmio|Corasmi]]. Poco dopo, tuttavia, la [[Invasione mongola della Corasmia|Corasmia fu invasa]] dal primo [[impero mongolo]], e il suo sovrano [[Gengis Khan]] distrusse le città un tempo fiorenti di Bukhara e Samarcanda.<ref>{{cita libro | autore=Sophie Ibbotson e Max Lovell-Hoare | anno=2016 | titolo=Uzbekistan | edizione=2 | editore=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd | pp=12-13 | isbn=978-1-78477-017-4}}</ref> Tuttavia, nel 1370, Samarcanda vide una rinascita come capitale dell'[[impero timuride]]. Il sovrano turco-mongolo [[Tamerlano]] impose l'immigrazione forzata a Samarcanda di artigiani e intellettuali provenienti da tutta l'Asia, trasformandola non solo in un nodo commerciale, ma anche in una delle città più importanti del mondo islamico.<ref>{{cita libro | autore=Sophie Ibbotson e Max Lovell-Hoare | anno=2016 | titolo=Uzbekistan | edizione=2 | editore=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd | pp=14-15 | isbn=978-1-78477-017-4}}</ref>
== Economia e diplomazia ==
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▲{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = '''Left image''': a Sogdian [[silk]] [[brocade]] textile fragment, dated c. 700 AD<br /> '''Right image''': and a Sogdian [[silver]] wine cup with [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] [[gilding]], 7th century AD | footer_align = left | image1 = Sogdian-fragment-ca. 700 AD.jpg | caption1 = | image2 = Wine cup with elephant heads on ring handle, Sogdiana, probably Uzbekistan, early 7th century AD, hammered silver with mercury gilding - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05588.JPG | total_width = 300| caption2 = }}
Most merchants did not travel the entire [[Silk Road]], but would trade goods through middlemen based in oasis towns, such as [[Khotan]] or [[Dunhuang]]. The Sogdians, however, established a trading network across the 1500 miles from Sogdiana to China. In fact, the Sogdians turned their energies to trade so thoroughly that the Saka of the [[Kingdom of Khotan]] called all merchants ''suli'', "Sogdian", whatever their culture or ethnicity.<ref name=wood>{{cite book|first=Francis|last=Wood|year= 2002|title= The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood|url-access=registration| publisher= University of California Press| ___location=Berkeley, CA| pages= [https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood/page/65 65–68]|isbn=978-0-520-24340-8}}</ref> The Sogdians had learnt to become expert traders from the Kushans, together with whom they initially controlled trade in the [[Ferghana Valley]] and [[Kangju]] during the 'birth' of the Silk Road. Later, they became the primary middlemen after the demise of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Riaz |title=The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle |publisher=Penguin Viking |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-670-09362-5 |___location=Delhi |pages=94–102 (Ch.9, Sogdian Traders) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaissière |first=Étienne de La |title=Sogdian Traders: A History |publisher=Brill |year=2005 |isbn=90-04-14252-5 |___location=Leiden |pages=32, 84, 91 |language=en|translator=James Ward}}</ref>
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