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=== Mercanti, generali e uomini di stato sogdiani nella Cina imperiale ===
{{Immagine multipla | larghezza totale=500 | immagine1=BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg | immagine2=Sogdians having a toast, with females wearing Chinese headdresses.jpg | sotto='''A sinistra:''' offerenti sogdiani inginocchiati davanti al [[Buddha]] (affresco, con dettaglio), [[Grotte dei Mille Buddha di Bezeklik]], vicino [[Turpan]] nel [[Bacino del Tarim]] orientale, Cina, VIII secolo.<br/>'''A destra:''' Sogdiani intenti in un brindisi, con donne che indossano copricapi cinesi. Letto funerario di Anyang, 550-577 d.C.<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=Gustina Scaglia | titolo=Central Asians on a Northern Ch'i Gate Shrine | rivista=Artibus Asiae | anno=1958 | volume=21 | numero=1 | p=17 | doi=10.2307/3249023 | jstor=3249023 | url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3249023 | issn=0004-3648}}</ref>}}
Oltre ai Sogdiani dell'Asia centrale che operarono come intermediari lungo la Via della Seta, molti altri Sogdiani si stabilirono permanentemente in Cina per diverse generazioni. Numerosi Sogdiani risiedevano a [[Luoyang]], capitale della [[Dinastia Jìn|dinastia Jin]] (266-420), ma furono costretti a fuggire in seguito al crollo della dinastia Jin nel nord della Cina nel 311 e all'ascesa delle tribù nomadi settentrionali.<ref name="howard 2012 pp133-34"/>
Nel 1907, [[Aurel Stein]]
[[File:
Altri Sogdiani giunsero dall'Occidente e ricoprirono incarichi nella società cinese. Il ''[[Storia delle dinastie settentrionali|Bei Shi]]''<ref>Capitolo 92, p. 3047.</ref> descrive un sogdiano giunto da Anxi (Sogdiana occidentale o [[Partia]]) in Cina, diventato un ''sabao'' (薩保, termine dal [[Lingua sanscrita|sanscrito]] ''sarthavaha'', ovvero «capo carovana»,<ref name="liu 2001 p168">{{cita libro | autore=Xinru Liu | capitolo=The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia | titolo=Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History | curatore=Michael Adas | città=Filadelfia | editore=Temple University Press | anno=2001 | p=168}}</ref> che risiedeva a Jiuquan durante il periodo dei [[Wei Settentrionali]] (386-535), e fu antenato di An Tugen, un uomo che, da semplice mercante, raggiunse l'alto grado di ministro durante la [[dinastia Qi Settentrionale]] (550-577).<ref name="howard 2012 p134"/><ref>{{cita web | autore=Étienne de la Vaissière | titolo=CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiii. Eastern Iranian Migrations to China | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-xiii | sito=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> Valerie Hansen sostiene che in quel periodo, estendendosi fino alla [[dinastia Tang]] (618-907), i Sogdiani «divennero il gruppo non-cinese più influente residente in Cina». Due diversi tipi di Sogdiani arrivarono in Cina: ambasciatori e mercanti. Gli ambasciatori sogdiani si stabilirono definitivamente, sposarono donne cinesi, acquistarono terre, e i nuovi arrivati si insediarono permanentemente invece di tornare nella loro terra natale in Sogdiana.<ref name="howard 2012 p134"/> Erano concentrati soprattutto intorno a Luoyang e Chang'an, ma anche a [[Xiangyang]], nell'attuale provincia dell'[[Hubei]], e costruivano [[Tempio del Fuoco|templi]] [[zoroastriani]] per servire le loro comunità una volta che esse raggiungevano la soglia di circa 100 famiglie.<ref name="howard 2012 p134"/> Dalla dinastia Qi Settentrionale fino al periodo Tang, i leader di queste comunità, chiamati ''sabao'', vennero integrati nella gerarchia ufficiale statale cinese.<ref name="howard 2012 p134"/>
▲[[File:Yingpan_man_(detail).jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Yingpan man]], [[Xinjiang]], China, 4th-5th century CE. He may have been a Sogdian trader.<ref name="RFG">{{cite book |last1=Cheang |first1=Sarah |last2=Greef |first2=Erica de |last3=Takagi |first3=Yoko |title=Rethinking Fashion Globalization |date=15 July 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-18130-4 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MostEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tingting |last2=Fuller |first2=Benjamin T. |last3=Jiang |first3=Hongen |last4=Li |first4=Wenying |last5=Wei |first5=Dong |last6=Hu |first6=Yaowu |title=Revealing lost secrets about Yingpan Man and the Silk Road |journal=Scientific Reports |date=13 January 2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=669 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-04383-5 |pmid=35027587 |pmc=8758759 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12..669W |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>]]
▲Still, some Sogdians continued living in Gansu.<ref name="howard 2012 pp133-34"/> A community of Sogdians remained in the [[Northern Liang]] capital of [[Wuwei, Gansu|Wuwei]], but when the Northern Liang were defeated by the [[Northern Wei]] in 439 AD, many Sogdians were forcibly relocated to the Northern Wei capital of [[Datong]], thereby fostering exchanges and trade for the new dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Xiao |title=Studies on the History and Culture Along the Continental Silk Road |date=10 September 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-7602-7 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW78DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |language=en|quote="It is evident that when the Northern Wei defeated Northern Liang and seized its capital (439), they captured a large number of Sogdian merchants living in Wuwei and resettled them in Pingcheng (present-day Datong), the capital of the Northern Wei."}}</ref> Numerous [[:Commons:Category:Central Asian objects of Northern Wei tombs|Central Asian objects]] have been found in Northern Wei tombs, such as the tomb of [[Feng Hetu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=James C. Y. |title=China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD |date=2004 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-126-1 |pages=148–160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbdS-R3y72MC&pg=PA148 |language=en}}</ref>
Tra il VI e il VII secolo, le famiglie sogdiane residenti in Cina costruirono tombe di rilievo con [[Epitaffio|epitaffi]] funerari che illustravano la storia delle loro illustri famiglie. Le loro pratiche funerarie fondevano elementi cinesi, come i letti funerari intagliati, con sensibilità zoroastriane, come quella di separare il corpo dalla terra e dall'acqua.<ref>{{cita libro | autore=Michael C. Howard | titolo=Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel | editore=McFarland & Company | anno=2012 | pp=134-35}}</ref> Le tombe sogdiane in Cina figurano tra le più sontuose del periodo, inferiori soltanto a quelle imperiali, suggerendo così che i ''sabao'' sogdiani fossero tra i membri più ricchi della società.<ref name="FG">{{cita libro | autore=Frantz Grenet | titolo=Histoire et cultures de l'Asie centrale préislamique | anno=2020 | editore=Collège de France | città=Parigi | isbn=978-2-7226-0516-9 | url=https://journals.openedition.org/annuaire-cdf/pdf/15896 | p=320 | citazione=Si tratta delle decorazioni funerarie più ricche di quell'epoca, seconde solo a quelle della famiglia imperiale; è probabile che i ''sabao'' fossero tra gli elementi più facoltosi della popolazione.}}</ref>
[[File:Huteng dancer.jpg|thumb|Danzatrice [[
▲[[File:Huteng dancer.jpg|thumb|[[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] ''[[Huteng]]'' dancer, [[:Commons:Category:Pagoda of Xiuding Temple|Xiuding temple pagoda]], [[Anyang]], [[Hunan]], China, [[Tang dynasty]], 7th century.]]
▲In addition to being merchants, monks, and government officials, Sogdians also served as soldiers in the Tang military.<ref name="howard 2012 p135">Howard, Michael C., ''Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies, the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel'', McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 135.</ref> [[An Lushan]], whose father was Sogdian and mother a Gokturk, rose to the position of a military governor (''[[jiedushi]]'') in the northeast before leading the [[An Lushan Rebellion]] (755 – 763 AD), which split the loyalties of the Sogdians in China.<ref name="howard 2012 p135" /> The An Lushan rebellion was supported by many Sogdians, and in its aftermath many of them were slain or changed their names to escape their Sogdian heritage, so that little is known about the Sogdian presence in North China since that time.<ref>J. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 30, no. 3, (2010), p. 417</ref> The former Yan rebel general Gao Juren of [[Goguryeo]] descent ordered a mass slaughter of West Asian (Central Asian) [[Sogdians]] in Fanyang, also known as [[Jicheng (Beijing)]], in Youzhou [[Ethnic issues in China#History|identifying them through their big noses]] and lances were used to impale their children when he rebelled against the rebel Yan emperor Shi Chaoyi [[An Lushan Rebellion#Implosion of Yan and end of the rebellion|and defeated rival Yan dynasty forces under the Turk Ashina Chengqing]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Valerie |date=2003 |title=New Work on the Sogdians, the Most Important Traders on the Silk Road, A.D. 500–1000 |jstor=4528925|journal=T'oung Pao |volume=89 |issue=1/3 |page=158 |doi= 10.1163/156853203322691347}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Valerie |title=The Silk Road: A New History |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-021842-3 |pages=157–158 |edition=illustrated, reprint |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDdRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |chapter=Chapter 5 – The Cosmopolitan Terminus of the Silk Road}}</ref> High nosed Sogdians were slaughtered in Youzhou in 761. Youzhou had Linzhou, another "protected" prefecture attached to it and Sogdians lived there in great numbers.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Ideas |chapter= |publisher=The University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=110, 111|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=de la Vaissière |first=Étienne|author-link= |date=2018 |title=Sogdian Traders: A History |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqWODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |___location= |publisher= Brill|page=220 |isbn=978-90-474-0699-0}}</ref> because Gao Juren, like Tian Shengong wanted to defect to the Tang dynasty and wanted them to publicly recognize and acknowledge him as a regional warlord and offered the slaughter of the Central Asian Hu "barbarians" as a blood sacrifice for the Tang court to acknowledge his allegiance without him giving up territory. according to the book, "History of An Lushan" (安祿山史記).<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Chamney|first=Lee |date= |title=The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763 |type= A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics|chapter= |publisher=University of Alberta Libraries |docket= |oclc= |pages=93, 94|citeseerx=10.1.1.978.1069 }}</ref><ref>History of An Lushan (An Lushan Shiji 安祿山史記) "唐鞠仁今城中殺胡者重賞﹐於是羯胡盡殪﹐小兒擲於中空以戈_之。高鼻類胡而濫死者甚眾"</ref> Another source says the slaughter of the Hu barbarians serving Ashina Chengqing was done by Gao Juren in Fanyang in order to deprive him of his support base, since the Tiele, Tongluo, Sogdians and Turks were all Hu and supported the Turk Ashina Chengqing against the Mohe, Xi, Khitan and Goguryeo origin soldiers led by Gao Juren. Gao Juren was later killed by Li Huaixian, who was loyal to Shi Chaoyi.<ref>[https://www.163.com/dy/article/F4S4NUB7052384UI.html "成德军的诞生：为什么说成德军继承了安史集团的主要遗产" in 时拾史事 2020-02-08]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdjzDwAAQBAJ&q=%E8%93%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E4%B9%B1&pg=PT423 李碧妍, 《危机与重构：唐帝国及其地方诸侯》2015-08-01]</ref> A massacre of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants by former Yan rebel general [[Tian Shengong]] happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the [[Yangzhou massacre (760)]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wan |first1=Lei |year=2017 |title=The earliest Muslim communities in China |series=Qiraat No. 8 (February – March 2017) |publisher=King Faisal Center For Research and Islamic Studies |isbn=978-603-8206-39-3 |page=11 |url=https://www.kfcris.com/pdf/6b438689cf0f36eb4ce727e76d747c3d5af140055feaf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210005920/https://www.kfcris.com/pdf/6b438689cf0f36eb4ce727e76d747c3d5af140055feaf.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Qi|2010|p=221-227}} since Tian Shengong was defecting to the Tang dynasty and wanted them to publicly recognized and acknowledge him, and the Tang court portrayed the war as between rebel hu barbarians of the Yan against Han Chinese of the Tang dynasty, Tian Shengong slaughtered foreigners as a blood sacrifice to prove he was loyal to the Han Chinese Tang dynasty state and for them to recognize him as a regional warlord without him giving up territory, and he killed other foreign Hu barbarian ethnicities as well whose ethnic groups were not specified, not only Arabs and Persians since it was directed against all foreigners.<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Chamney|first=Lee |date= |title=The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763 |type= A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics|chapter= |publisher=University of Alberta Libraries |docket= |oclc= |url= https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/d0d042f4-42df-407d-add7-567543d720a1/view/ef1dbd57-a18a-4436-97a6-a6084c17a8d9/Lee-20Chamney-20Thesis-20final-20draft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218121905/https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/d0d042f4-42df-407d-add7-567543d720a1/view/ef1dbd57-a18a-4436-97a6-a6084c17a8d9/Lee-20Chamney-20Thesis-20final-20draft.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2020 |url-status=live|pages=91, 92, 93|access-date=}}</ref><ref>[[Old Tang History]] "至揚州，大掠百姓商人資產，郡內比屋發掘略遍，商胡波斯被殺者數千人" "商胡大食, 波斯等商旅死者數千人波斯等商旅死者數千人."</ref>
Sogdians continued as active traders in China following the defeat of the rebellion, but many of them were compelled to hide their ethnic identity. A prominent case was An Chongzhang, Minister of War, and Duke of Liang who, in 756, asked [[Emperor Suzong of Tang]] to allow him to change his name to [[Li Baoyu]] because of his shame in sharing [[An (surname)|the same surname]] with the rebel leader.<ref name="howard 2012 p135" /> This change of surnames was enacted retroactively for all of his family members, so that his ancestors would also be bestowed the [[Li (surname)|surname Li]].<ref name="howard 2012 p135" />
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