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[[File:Tang Sancai Porcelain with Musicians on a Camel (no background).jpg|thumb|A [[Tang dynasty]] ''[[sancai]]'' statuette of Sogdian merchants riding on a [[Bactrian camel]], 723 AD, [[Xi'an]].]]

The influence of [[Sinicized]] and multilingual Sogdians during this ''Guiyijun'' (歸義軍) period (c. 850 – c. 1000 AD) of Dunhuang is evident in a large number of manuscripts written in [[Chinese characters]] from left to right instead of vertically, mirroring the direction of how the [[Sogdian alphabet]] is read.<ref>Galambos, Imre (2015), "''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, ''A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 870, 873.</ref> Sogdians of Dunhuang also commonly formed and joined lay associations among their local communities, convening at Sogdian-owned [[tavern]]s in scheduled meetings mentioned in their [[epistle|epistolary letters]].<ref>Galambos, Imre (2015), "''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, ''A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 872–73.</ref> Sogdians living in Turfan under the Tang dynasty and [[Gaochang]] Kingdom engaged in a variety of occupations that included: farming, military service, painting, [[leather crafting]] and selling products such as iron goods.<ref name="hansen 2012 p98" /> The Sogdians had been migrating to Turfan since the 4th century, yet the pace of migration began to climb steadily with the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] and [[Fall of the Sasanian Empire]] in 651, followed by the Islamic conquest of Samarkand in 712.<ref name="hansen 2012 p98" />

DuringDurante thela dinastia Tang ande le subsequentsuccessive [[FiveCinque Dynastiesdinastie ande Tendieci Kingdomsregni|FiveCinque DynastiesDinastie]] ande [[dinastia Song dynasty]], aesisteva largeuna communitynumerosa ofcomunità Sogdianssogdiana alsoanche existednel incosmopolita theemporio multiculturalcommerciale ''[[entrepôt]]'' ofdi Dunhuang, nel Gansu, aun majorimportante centercentro ofdi Buddhistapprendimento learningbuddhista ande homesede todelle the[[Grotte Buddhistdi [[Mogao|grotte Cavesbuddhiste di Mogao]].<ref>Galambos,{{cita libro | autore=Imre (Galambos | anno=2015), "| capitolo=''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in| curatore=Antje Richter, ''| titolo=A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', | editore=Brill: Leiden| città=Leida, Boston, pp| 870–71.pp=870-71}}</ref> AlthoughSebbene Dunhuang ande theil HexiCorridoio Corridordi wereHexi capturedfossero bystati theconquistati dall'[[TibetanImpero Empiretibetano]] afterdopo thela rivolta di An Lushan Rebellion, in nell'848 theil ethnicgenerale Hancinese Chinese general [[Zhang Yichao]] (799–872799-872) managedriuscì toa wrestlestrappare controlil ofcontrollo thedella regionregione fromai [[EraTibetani ofdurante Fragmentation|thela Tibetansloro duringguerra theircivile, civilistituendo war]],il establishing''Circuito thedi [[Guiyi'' Circuit]]sotto under [[Emperorl'imperatore Xuānzong ofdei Tang]] (r. 846–859846-859).<ref>Taenzer,{{cita libro | autore=Gertraud (Taenzer | anno=2016), "| capitolo=Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries", in| curatore=Carmen Meinert, ''| titolo=Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries)'', Leiden| città=Leida, Boston: | editore=Brill, | pp 35–37.35-37}}</ref><ref name="ZZTJ249">''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷249|vol. 249]].</ref> AlthoughAnche these regionla occasionallyregione fellpassò underoccasionalmente thesotto ruleil ofdominio di differentdiversi statesstati, itmantenne retainedil itssuo multilingualcarattere naturemultilingue, ascome evidenceddimostra byla angrande abundancequantità ofdi manuscriptsmanoscritti (religiousreligiosi ande secularsecolari) in [[ChineseLingua languagecinese|Chinesecinese]] ande [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]]tibetano, butma alsoanche in [[SogdianLingua languagesogdiana|Sogdiansogdiano]], [[SakaLingua languagesaka|Khotanesekhotanese]] (anotherun'altra [[EasternLingue iraniche orientali|lingua Iranianiranica languageorientale]] nativeautoctona todella [[Western RegionsXiyu|the regionregione]]), [[UyghurLingua languageuigura|Uyghuruiguro]], ande [[SanskritLingua sanscrita|sanscrito]].<ref>Galambos,{{cita libro | autore=Imre (Galambos | anno=2015), "| capitolo=''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in| curatore=Antje Richter, ''| titolo=A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', | editore=Brill: Leiden| città=Leida, Boston, p| p=871.}}</ref>

There were nine prominent Sogdian clans (昭武九姓). The names of these clans have been deduced from the [[Chinese surname]]s listed in a [[Dunhuang manuscripts|Tang-era Dunhuang manuscript]] (Pelliot chinois 3319V).<ref name="hansen 2012 p98" /> Each "clan" name refers to a different city-state as the Sogdian used the name of their hometown as their Chinese surname.<ref>Galambos, Imre (2015), "''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, ''A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 871–72.</ref> Of these the most common Sogdian surname throughout China was [[Shí (surname)|Shí]] (石, generally given to those from Chach, modern [[Tashkent]]). The following surnames also appear frequently on Dunhuang manuscripts and registers: [[Shǐ (surname)|Shǐ]] (史, from Kesh, modern [[Shahrisabz]]), [[An (surname)|An]] (安, from Bukhara), [[Mi (surname)|Mi]] (米, from [[Panjakent]]), [[Kang (Chinese surname)|Kāng]] (康, from [[Samarkand]]), [[Cao (Chinese surname)|Cáo]] (曹, from Kabudhan, north of the [[Zeravshan River]]), and [[Hé]] (何, from Kushaniyah).<ref name="hansen 2012 p98" /><ref>Galambos, Imre (2015), "''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, ''A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', Brill: Leiden, Boston, p. 872.</ref> [[Confucius]] is said to have expressed a desire to live among the "nine tribes" which may have been a reference to the Sogdian community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Ha-Sung H. |title=Traces of the Lost 10 Tribes of Israel in Chinese and Korean Sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/61126693}}</ref>