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I popoli dell'Asia centrale, come i Sogdiani, venivano chiamati ''Hu'' (胡) dai cinesi durante la dinastia Tang. Le donne ''Hu'' dell'Asia centrale erano stereotipate come cameriere o danzatrici dai cinesi. Gli uomini cinesi avevano per lo più rapporti sessuali extraconiugali con loro, dato che le donne ''Hu'' occupavano spesso ruoli che prevedevano servizi sessuali per i clienti, come cantanti, cameriere, schiave e prostitute.<ref>{{cita libro | autore=Marc S. Abramson | serie=Encounters with Asia | anno=2011 | titolo=Ethnic Identity in Tang China | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20 | editore=University of Pennsylvania Press | p=20 | isbn=978-0812201017}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro | autore=Marc S. Abramson | serie=Encounters with Asia | anno=2011 | titolo=Ethnic Identity in Tang China | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&pg=PA202 | editore=University of Pennsylvania Press | p=202 | isbn=978-0812201017}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro | autore=Marc S. Abramson | serie=Encounters with Asia | anno=2011 | titolo=Ethnic Identity in Tang China | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22the+hu-chi,+mainly+Iranian+girls,+found+in+China+during+the+Tang+period%22&pg=PA235 | editore=University of Pennsylvania Press | p=235 | isbn=978-0812201017}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro | autore=Nathan Light | anno=1998 | titolo=Slippery Paths: The Performance and Canonization of Turkic Literature and Uyghur Muqam Song in Islam and Modernity | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCRkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+hu-chi,+mainly+Iranian+girls,+found+in+China+during+the+Tang+period%22 | editore=Indiana University | p=303}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro | numero=29 of Bibliographies and indexes in religious studies | autore=Raphael Israeli e Lyn Gorman | anno=1994 | titolo=Islam in China: A Critical Bibliography | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLHgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+hu-chi,+mainly+Iranian+girls,+found+in+China+during+the+Tang+period%22 | issn=0742-6836 | editore=Greenwood Press | isbn=0313278571 | p=153}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro | curatore=Scott K. Ling | anno=1975 | titolo=近三十年中國文史哲論著書目: Studies on Chinese Philosophy, Religion, History, Geography, Biography, Art, and Language and Literature | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrlqXza9oKAC&dq=%22the+hu-chi,+mainly+Iranian+girls,+found+in+China+during+the+Tang+period%22&pg=PA209 | editore=Liberal Arts Press | isbn=9575475399 | p=209}}</ref> Le ragazze [[Yue (popolo)|Baiyue]] meridionali erano oggetto di esotizzazione nella poesia.<ref>{{cita libro | autore=白 李 | titolo=全唐詩 | url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9/%E5%8D%B7184#%E8%B6%8A%E5%A5%B3%E8%A9%9E%E4%BA%94%E9%A6%96 | capitolo=卷184#越女詞五首 卷一百八十四 | lingua=zh}}</ref> Gli uomini cinesi generalmente evitavano di sposarle legalmente, salvo necessità, come quando si trovavano nelle regioni di frontiera o in esilio, poiché sposare donne non-cinesi poteva rappresentare uno svantaggio sociale.<ref>{{cita libro | autore=Marc S. Abramson | serie=Encounters with Asia | anno=2011 | titolo=Ethnic Identity in Tang China | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22documented+cases+of+marriage+between+Han+men+and+non-Han+women+occurred+when+the+Han+men+were+in+socially+liminal+situations%22&pg=PA158 | editore=University of Pennsylvania Press | p=158 | isbn=978-0812201017}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro | autore=Marc S. Abramson | serie=Encounters with Asia | anno=2011 | titolo=Ethnic Identity in Tang China | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&pg=PA218 | editore=University of Pennsylvania Press | p=218 | isbn=978-0812201017}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro | autore=昫 劉 | titolo=舊唐書 | url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7193 | capitolo=卷193 卷一百九十三 | lingua=zh}}</ref> Agli schiavi ''Hu'' in Cina veniva anche affidato il compito di accudire il bestiame, come pecore e bovini.<ref>{{cita libro | autore=Marc S. Abramson | serie=Encounters with Asia | anno=2011 | titolo=Ethnic Identity in Tang China | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22presented+the+captured+women+and+livestock%22&pg=PA136 | editore=University of Pennsylvania Press | pp=135, 136 | isbn=978-0812201017}}</ref>

== ModernStoriografia historiographymoderna ==

[[File:KhunakCoin.jpg|thumb|Una moneta d'argento coniata da Khunak, re di [[Buchara]], dei primi dell'VIII secolo, raffigura il re [[Corona (copricapo)|coronato]] sul diritto e un [[Tempio del Fuoco|altare del fuoco zoroastriano]] sul rovescio.]]

{{further|German Turfan expeditions|Albert von Le Coq}}

InNel 1916, the Frenchil [[SinologistSinologia|sinologo]] ande historianstorico francese [[Paul Pelliot]] usedutilizzò [[Dunhuangmanoscritti manuscripts|Tangcinesi Chinesedella manuscripts]]dinastia excavatedTang fromrinvenuti a Dunhuang, nel Gansu, toper identifyidentificare anun'antica ancientcolonia Sogdiansogdiana colonya southsud ofdel [[Lop Nur]], innello Xinjiang (NorthwestCina Chinanord-occidentale), whichche, hea arguedsuo wasavviso, thecostituiva la base forper thela [[spreaddiffusione ofdel Buddhism]]buddhismo ande Nestoriandel Christianitycristianesimo nestoriano in ChinaCina.<ref name="rong 2009 p148">Rong,{{cita pubblicazione | autore=Xinjiang, "Rong | titolo=New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in| ''rivista=Berichte und Abhandlungen'' (| data=17 Decemberdicembre 2009); | numero=10, S.,| p. =148.}}</ref> InNel 1926, Japaneselo scholarstudioso giapponese Kuwabara compiledraccolse evidenceprove fordella Sogdianspresenza indei ChineseSogdiani historicalnelle sourcesfonti storiche cinesi, ande bynel 1933, Chineselo historianstorico cinese Xiang Da published hispubblicò ''Tang Chang'an and Central Asian Culture'', detailingche thedescriveva Sogdianl'influenza influencesogdiana onsulla Chinesevita socialsociale religiouse lifereligiosa indella thecapitale [[Historycinese ofdell'epoca Xi'an|Tang-era Chinese capital city]].<ref name="rong 2009 p148" />

[[File:KhunakCoin.jpg|thumb|A minted [[Bukhar Khudahs|silver coin of Khunak]], king of [[Bukhara]], early 8th century, showing the [[Crown (headgear)|crowned]] king [[Obverse and reverse|on the obverse]], and a [[Fire temple|Zoroastrian fire altar]] on the reverse.]]

In 1916, the French [[Sinologist]] and historian [[Paul Pelliot]] used [[Dunhuang manuscripts|Tang Chinese manuscripts]] excavated from Dunhuang, Gansu to identify an ancient Sogdian colony south of [[Lop Nur]] in Xinjiang (Northwest China), which he argued was the base for the [[spread of Buddhism]] and Nestorian Christianity in China.<ref name="rong 2009 p148">Rong, Xinjiang, "New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in ''Berichte und Abhandlungen'' (17 December 2009); 10, S., p. 148.</ref> In 1926, Japanese scholar Kuwabara compiled evidence for Sogdians in Chinese historical sources, and by 1933, Chinese historian Xiang Da published his ''Tang Chang'an and Central Asian Culture'', detailing the Sogdian influence on Chinese social religious life in the [[History of Xi'an|Tang-era Chinese capital city]].<ref name="rong 2009 p148" />

TheIl Canadiansinologo Sinologistcanadese [[Edwin G. Pulleyblank]] publishedpubblicò an article innel 1952, demonstratingun thearticolo presenceche ofdimostrava al'esistenza Sogdiandi colonyuna foundedcolonia insogdiana Sixfondata Hunelle PrefecturesSei ofPrefetture theHu dell'[[Altopiano dell'Ordos|Ansa Loopdell'Ordos]] duringdurante theil Chineseperiodo Tang period, composedcomposta ofda SogdiansSogdiani ande Turkicpopolazioni peoplesturche whomigrati migrated from thedalla [[MongolianSteppa steppemongolo-manciuriana|steppa mongola]].<ref name="rong 2009 p148" /> TheNel Japanese1965, historianlo Ikedastorico ongiapponese wroteIkeda anscrisse articleun inarticolo 1965,che outliningdelineava thela historystoria ofdei theSogdiani Sogdiansresidenti inhabitinga Dunhuang fromdall'inizio thedel beginningVII ofsecolo, theanalizzando 7thgli century,elenchi analyzingdei listsloro ofnomi theirsinizzati [[Chinesee surname|Sinicizedil names]]ruolo anddello thezoroastrismo rolee ofdel Zoroastrianismbuddhismo andnella Buddhismloro invita their religious lifereligiosa.<ref>Rong,{{cita pubblicazione | autore=Xinjiang, "Rong | titolo=New light on Sogdian Colonies along the Silk Road : Recent Archaeological Finds in Northern China (Lecture at the BBAW on 20 September 2001)", in| ''rivista=Berichte und Abhandlungen'' (| data=17 Decemberdicembre 2009); | numero=10, S.,| pp 148–9.=148-49}}</ref> Yoshida Yutaka ande Kageyama Etsuko, Japanese [[ethnographerEtnografia|etnografi]]s ande [[linguistLinguistica|linguisti]]s ofgiapponesi thespecializzati Sogdiannella lingua languagesogdiana, wereriuscirono ablea toricostruire reconstructnomi Sogdiansogdiani namesda fromquarantacinque forty-five different Chinesediverse [[transliterationTraslitterazione|traslitterazioni]]s cinesi, notingosservando thatche thesequesti wereerano commoncomuni ina Turfan, whereasmentre Sogdiansi livingSogdiani closerche toda thegenerazioni centervivevano ofpiù Chinesevicini civilizational forcentro generationsdella adoptedciviltà traditionalcinese adottarono [[ChineseOnomastica namecinese|nomi tradizionali cinesi]]s.<ref name="hansen 2012 p98" />

== Notable people ==