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Crown-cardinal

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A crown-cardinal (Italian: cardinale delle corone)[1] was a cardinal protector of Catholic nation, nominated and funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals[2][3] and, if applicable, exercise the jus exclusivae.[4]

Ferdinando de' Medici, crown-cardinal of Spain from 1582 to 1584

History

The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the Holy See developed in the 16th century.[5] The first explicit reference to protectorship pertaining to a nation-state dates to 1425 (the Catholic Encyclopedia says 1424[6]) when Pope Martin V forbade cardinals to "assume the protection of any king, prince or commune ruled by a tyrant or any other secular person whatsoever."[7] This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Pope Alexander VI. This prohibition was not renewed by Pope Leo X in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512.[6]

The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832 scudi.[2]

Pope Alexander VII had to elevate crown-cardinals in pectore.[8] Pope Urban VI (1378—1389) forbade crown-cardinals from recieving gifts from their respective sovereigns.[6]

As of 1913, the only state with a crown-cardinal was the Kingdom of Portugal.[6]

Role in conclaves

Main article: jus exclusivae

In the case of Spain, France, and Austira, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the jus exclusivae (a veto for "unacceptable" candidates) during a papal conclave on behalf of their patron monarch. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such unacceptable candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers, and attempt (sometimes unsuccesfully) to delay the conclave until a response arrived. For example, Pope Innocent X (elected 1644) and Pope Innocent XIII (elected 1721) survived late arriving veto orders from France and Spain respectively.[1] Austrian crown-cardinal Karl Kajetan Cardinal Gaisruck arrived to late to the Papal conclave, 1846 to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (Pope Pius IX).

List of crown-cardinals

Of Aragon

Of Austria

 
Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko, crown-cardinal of Austria, was the last to exercise the jus exclusivae.

Of Castile and the West Indies

Of England

Unlike other national cardinal protectors, the cardinal protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland was chosen exclusively by the pope and often had no prior relationship to the British Isles.[9]

Of Ireland

Of Flanders

Of France

 
François de Joyeuse, cardinal protector of France, anointing Queen Dowager Marie de Medici in 1610

The King of France historically had only one cardinal protector at a time,[9] chosen by a complicated process which involved the King, the secretary of state for foreign affairs, the French ambassador to Rome, and other French power brokers, but not the pope.[16]

Of the Holy Roman Empire

The protector of the Holy Roman Empire was often the protector of the Austrian hereditary lands.[9]

Of Naples

Of Poland

Of Portugual

Of Sardinia

Of Savoy

Of Sicily

Of Spain

The King of Spain could have as many as five or six cardinal protectors simultaneously, although traditionally the protector of Castile was the most frequently turned to.[9]

Of Switzerland

See also

Refences

  • Pastor, Ludwig. 1902. The History of Popes. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Chadwick, Owen. p. 265-267.
  2. ^ a b   "Cardinal " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
  3. ^ Reinerman, Alan J. 1989. Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich. Catholic University of America Press. p. 59.
  4. ^   "Right of Exclusion " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
  5. ^ a b Bireley, Robert. 2007. Book Review. The Catholic Historical Review. 93, 1: 172-173.
  6. ^ a b c d   "Cardinal Protector " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
  7. ^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 161.
  8. ^ Pastor, 1940, p. 133.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492-1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521641462. p. 163.
  10. ^ a b c d Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312294638. p. 173.
  11. ^ a b Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 29.
  12. ^ a b Nenner, Howard A. 1977, March. Book Review. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 45, 1: 101.
  13. ^ a b c d   "The English College, in Rome " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
  14. ^ Salvator, Miranda. 1998. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Biographical Dictionary: Pope Paul III (1534-1549): Consistory of June 2, 1542 (VII)."
  15. ^ Gillis, Clive. 2004. "Days of Deliverance Part 9: Rome makes the New Irish Confederation invincible."
  16. ^ a b c Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 164.
  17. ^ a b Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century: The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)."
  18. ^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 164-165.
  19. ^ Yardley, Jonathan. 2005, June 26. "The Cardinal's Hat." Washington Post. BW02.
  20. ^ a b c Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 165.
  21. ^ Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 128.
  22. ^ Minor, Vernon Hyde. 2005. The Death of the Baroque and the Rhetoric of Good Taste. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521843413. p. 138.
  23. ^ Minnich, Nelson H. 2003. Book Review. The Catholic Historical Review. 89, 4: 773-778.
  24. ^ Pastor, 1941, p. 405.
  25. ^ Robinson, Nancy Nowakowski. 2004. Institutional Anti-Judaism. Xlibris. ISBN 141342161X. p. 75.
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