Timeline of Portuguese history

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

Main article: History of Portugal

Pre-Roman and Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia

Before 3rd Century BC

• first millennium BC - Several waves of Celts invaded the Iberian peninsula from Central Europe and intermarried with the local Iberian people, forming the Celtiberian with tribes (more a less in modern portuguese territory) such as the Lusitanians, the Calaicians or Gallaeci and the Conii (amongst others less significant tribes such as the Bracari, Celtici, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turdulorum Oppida, Turodi and Zoelae).

3rd Century BC

• 219 BC - Invasion of Lusitania by the Roman Empire.
• 218 BC - Lusitanians are mentioned for the first time in Livy.

2nd Century BC

• 194 BC - A Lusitanian rebellion against Rome.
• 179 BC - The Praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrated a triumph over the Lusitanians.
• 155 BC - Under the command of Punicus first and Cesarus after, the Lusitanian reached Gibraltar, there they were defeated by the Praetor Lucius Mummius.
• 150 BC - The Lusitanians were defeated by Praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba.
• 147 BC - Viriathus becames the leader of the Lusitanians and severely damages the Roman rule.
• 139 BC - Viriathus is betrayed and killed by three of his companions, having been bribed by Servilius Cipianus.
• 113 BC - Romans score other victories with Proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus and Marius, but still the Lusitanians resist with a long guerrilla war; they later joined Sertorius' troops and are finally beaten by Augustus.

1st Century BC

• 1st century BC – Felicitas Julia Olissipo (currently Lisbon) is the capital of Hispania Ulterior, a Roman province during the late Roman Republic that included Lusitania, Gallaecia and Asturias.

1st Century

• 25-20 BC - Augusta Emerita (currently Mérida) is the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania during the Roman Empire.

2nd Century

3rd Century

• 3rd century - Braga becomes an Episcopal Diocese.

4th Century

• 284-305 - Under the Roman Emperor Diocletian, Lusitania kept its borders and was ruled by a praeses, later by a consularis; finally, it was united with the other provinces to form the Diocesis Hispaniarum ("Diocese of Hispania").
• 366-383 - Damasus, son of Antonius and Laurentia, born in the Conventus Bracarensis of Gallaecia (near the modern city of Guimarães), is the reigning Pope under the name Damasus I.
• 388 - Paternus becomes bishop of the Episcopal see of Braga.

Germanic Kingdoms

5th Century

• 409
  • Invasion of the NW of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Gallaecia) by the Germanic Suevi (Quadi and Marcomanni) under king Hermerico. The Suevic Kingdom eventually received official recognition (Foedus) from the Romans for their settlement there in Gallaecia. It was the first kingdom separated from the Roman Empire that minted coins.
  • Invasion of the Iberian peninsula by the Germanic Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and the Sarmatian Alans.
• 411 - A treaty with Western Roman Emperor Flavius Augustus Honorius grants Lusitania to the Alans, Gallaecia to the Suevi and Hasdingi, and Baetica to the Silingi.
• 414 - Paulo Osório, clergyman of Braga, visits St. Augustine in Hippo Regius.
• 415
  • Baquiário, priest of Braga, writes his work De fide, where he retracts from Priscillianism heresy.
  • Begining of the invasion of the Iberian peninsula by the Germanic Visigoths lead by King Theodorid, expanding from Aquitaine and under request by the Romans.
• 417 - Balconius becomes bishop of Braga.
• 419 - The Hasdingi Vandals atack the Suevi, these resist with Roman aid.
• 426 - The Alan king Attaces is killed in battle against the Visigoths, and this branch of the Alans subsequently appealed to the Vandal king Gunderic to accept the Alan crown.
• 427 - Hydatius is ordained bishop of Aquae Flaviae (modern Chaves). Hydatius was the author of a chronicle of his own times that provides us with our best evidence for the hisory of Hispania in the 5th century.
• 428 - The Alans defeat the Suevi and the Romans at the Battle of Mérida.
• 429 - The Vandals and the Alans move to North Africa, where they establish a kingdom.
• 438 - Hermerico, the first Suevi king of Gallaecia, ratified the peace with the Galaicos people and, tired of fighting, abdicated in favor of his son Requila.
• 448 - Suevi king Requila dies leaving a state in expansion to his son Requiario who imposed his Catholic faith on the Suevi population.
• 451 - Thorismund becomes King of the Visigoths.
• 453 - Theodoric II becomes King of the Visigoths.
• 454 - The Ibero-Roman population ask for the help of King Theodoric II of the Visigoths against Suevi incursions.
• 455 - The Bishop of Rome assumes control over all of Western Christianity, proclaiming himself Pope, under the name of Leo I.
• 456
  • King Theodoric II of the Visigoths defeats the Suevi at the Battle of Orbigo and sacks their capital city Braga.
  • Suevi king Requiario is executed and some candidates for the throne appear, grouped in two factions, those who follow Frantán and those who follow Aguiulfo (dependent of theVisigoths). A division marked for the river Minius is noticed, probably a consequence of the two tribes, Quadi and Marcomanni, who constituted the Suevi nation.
• 457 - Maldras becomes king of all the Suevi.
• 459 - After the death of King Maldras of the Suevi, a new division appears betwwen Frumario and Remismundo.
• 462 - Hydatius, Bishop of Aquae Flaviae (modern Chaves), is imprisoned by the Visigoths.
• 463 - Remismundo unites the Suevi and becomes king.
• 466 - Euric becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 468
  • The Roman city of Conimbriga, near modern Coimbra, is sacked by the Suevi.
  • Lusídio, Roman governor of Lisbon, delivers the city to the Suevi.
• 469 - Teodemundo becomes King of the Suevi.
• 470
  • Hydatius, Bishop of Aquae Flaviae, dies.
  • King Euric of the Visigoths conquers southern Galaecia and Lusitania to the Suevi.
• 475 - King Euric (who unified the various quarreling factions of the Visigoths) forces the Roman government to grant the Visigothic kingdoom full independence. At his death, the Visigoths were the most powerful of the successor states to the Western Roman Empire.
• 476, 4 September - Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when the chieftain of the Germanic Heruli, Odoacer, proclaims himself King of Italy. Conventional date for the fall of the Roman Empire, and widely considered the end of ancient history and begining of the Middle Ages.
• 484 - Alaric II becomes king of the Visigoths.

6th Century

• 501 - Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Braga.
• 507
  • At the Battle of Vouillé the Franks wrested control of Aquitaine from the Visigoths. King Alaric II, the conqueror of all Hispania, was killed in battle, and after a temporary retreat to Narbonne, Visigoth nobles spirited his heir, the child-king Amalaric to safety across the Pyrenees and into Iberia.
  • Gesalec becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 511–526 - The Visigoths and Ostrogoths were reunited under Theodoric the Great, ruling from Ravenna, acting as regent for Amalaric. The center of Visigothic rule shifted first to Barcelona, then inland and south to Toledo.
• 526 - Amalaric becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 527 - Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Toledo.
• 531 - Theudis becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 537 - Profuturus becomes bishop of Braga.
• 548 - Theudigisclus becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 549 - Agil becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 550
  • Karriarico becomes King of the Suevi.
  • Saint Martin of Dumes arrives in Suevish Gallaecia. Born in Pannonia, he was the foremost Iberian scholar of his time. He was given the church of Dume, where he built a monastery.
• 554 - Athanagild becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 558 - Saint Martin, Abbot of Dumes becomes Bishop of Dume.
• 559 - Teodomiro becomes King of the Suevi.
• 561 - Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Braga. The solemn conversion of the Suevi is proclaimed.
• 562 - Saint Martin of Dumes becomes Bishop of Braga.
• 567 - Liuva I becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 568 - Leovigild becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 569 - Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Lugo.
• 570
  • Miro becomes King of the Suevi.
  • King Leovigild of the Visigoths begins military actions with the explicit purpose of conquering all of Hispania.
• 572 - Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Braga.
• 583 - Eborico (also called Eurico) becomes King of the Suevi.
• 584
  • Andeca becomes King of the Suevi.
  • The Visigothic King Leovigild invades the Suevic kingdom and finally defeates it.
• 585 - Andeca, the last king of the Suevi, helds out for a year before surrendering in to the Visigothic King Leovigild. With his surrender, this branch of the Suevi vanished into the Visigothic kingdom.
• 586 - Reccared becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 587 - Reccared, the Visigothic king at Toledo, having been converted to Catholicism puts an end to dissension on the question of Arianism and launched a movement to unify the various religious doctrines that existed in Hispania.
• 589 - Pantardus becomes bishop of Braga.

7th Century

• 601 - Liuva II becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 603 - Witteric becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 610 - Gundemar becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 612 - Sisebut becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 621 - Suinthila becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 624 - The Visigoths, through the conquest of the last Byzantine domains and the Basque Country, control all of the Iberian peninsula.
• 631 - Sisenand becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 633 - Julian becomes bishop of Braga.
• 636 - Chintila becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 640 - Tulga becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 641 - Chindaswinth becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 649 - Reccaswinth becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 653 - Potamius becomes bishop of Braga.
• 656 - St. Fructuosus of Dumes becomes bishop of Braga.
• 663 - Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Braga.
• 672 - Wamba becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 675
  • Leodegisius becomes bishop of Braga.
  • Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Braga.
• 680 - Erwig becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 681 - Liuva becomes bishop of Braga.
• 688 - Faustinus becomes bishop of Braga.
• 693 - Félix becomes bishop of Braga. Félix of Braga was the last bishop of Braga to reside there until 1070, due to the Moorish invasion. His sucessors establishid themselves in Lugo (Galicia.

8th Century

• 701 - Witiza becomes king of the Visigoths.
• 710 - Roderic becomes king of the Visigoths.

Al'Andalus and the Reconquista

8th Century

• 711, March 15 – Islamic Umayyad Moors (mainly Berber with some Arab), under the Emir of Damascus Tariq ibn-Ziyad, invade and eventualy conquer the Iberian Peninsula (Visigothic King Roderic is killed while opposing the invasion), except from the northernmost part - the Asturias. Resistance to Moorish occupation (Reconquista) starts from this stronghold.
• 713 - Musa ibn Nusayr, governor of North Africa, conquers Medina-Sidonia, Seville and Mértola.
• 714-715 - Abd al-Aziz, Musa ibn Nusayr's son, conquers Évora, Santarém and Coimbra.
• 715 - Abd al-Aziz is left in charge and makes his capital the city of Seville, where he marries Egilona, widow of Visigothic King Roderic. The Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, a paranoid ruler, will have Abd el-Aziz assassinated and sends Musa ibn Nusayr into exile in his native Yemen village to live out his days as a beggar.
• 716 - Lisbon is captured by the Moors.
• 717 - Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim holdings in the Al-Andalus.
• 718 - Pelayo establishes the Kingdom of Asturias. This is considered to be the beginning of the Reconquista.
• 722 - A powerful Moorish force sent to conquer Asturias once and for all is defeated by king Pelayo at the Battle of Covadonga. Today, this is regarded as the first significant Christian victory of the Reconquista.
• 737
  • King Pelayo of Asturias dies.
  • Favila, son of Pelayo, becomes King of Asturias.
• 739
  • Alfonso, son of Peter of Cantabria, duke of Cantabria, and married to Ormesinda, daughter of Pelayo of Asturias, becomes King of Asturias.
  • the Moors are driven out of Galicia by Alfonso I of Asturias.
• 740-742 - Berber revolts against Arab Umayyad overlords.
• 755 - Abd ar-Rahman I of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Iberia to escape the Abbasids and would be responsible for creating "the Golden Caliphate".
• 756 - The Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman I defeats Yusuf al-Fihri and becomes Commander of al-Andalus Muslims, proclaiming himself Emir of Cordoba.
• 757 - Fruela I becomes King of Asturias.
• 763 - Abd ar-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid inspired revolt.
• 768 - Aurelio becomes King of Asturias.
• 768-777 - a Berber reformer rebels in central Iberia and occupies Merida and other towns to the north of the Tagus. The rebellion is suppressed after nine years.
• 774 - Silo becomes King of Asturias. In this period this is a lot of unrest in Galicia towards the rule of Asturias.
• 783 - Mauregato the Usurper becomes King of Asturias. He was an illegitimate son of Alfonso I of Asturias, supposedly by a Moorish woman.
• 788
  • Death of Abd ar-Rahman I, founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdova. His successor is Hisham I.
  • Bermudo I becomes King of Asturias.
• 791
  • Alfonso II becomes King of Asturias in Oviedo and conquers a number of Moorish strongholds and settles the lands south of the Douro River.
  • A Muslim force raids into Galicia.
• 794 - Asturians defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Lutos.
• 796 - Al-Hakam I, becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 798 - In a raid on Muslim lands, Alfonso II of Asturias enters Lisbon but can not occupy it.

9th Century

• 800 - 10 year Rebellion againsts the Muslims breaks out in the fringes of Al-Andalus (Lisbon, Merida, Toledo). Each rebellion is bloodily suppressed by the central Islamic authorities.
• 809 - A Umayyad prince defeats and executes Tumlus, a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before.
• 813 - The grave of James the Apostle is "discovered" near Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia, beginning the cult of St. James that would unite Iberian Christians of many different petty kingdoms.
• 822 - Abd-ar-rahman II becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 825 - Moors attempt to invade Christian territory from Coimbra and Viseu but are driven back.
• 839 - Alfonso II of Asturias commands a military force in the region of Viseu.
• 842 - Ramiro I becomes King of Asturias.
• 844
  • Vikings raid the Galician estuaries, are defeated by Ramiro I of Asturias, attack Lisbon, Beja and the Algarve, and sack Seville.
  • Battle of Clavijo, legendary battle between Christians led by Ramiro I of Asturias and Muslims, where St. James is said to have helped the Christian Army.
• 850 - Ordonho I becomes King of Asturias in Oviedo. Beginning of Christian repopulation. Rise of the county of Castile.
• 852 - Muhammad I becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 859 - Ordonho I of Asturias defeats Musa ibn Musa at Albelda.
• 866 - Alfonso III the Great, son of Ordonho I of Asturias, becomes King of Asturias. He iniciates the repopulation of Porto, Coimbra, Viseu and Lamego.

First County of Portugal

9th Century

• 868 - Establishment of the 1st County of Portugal, a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Asturias, by count Vímara Peres, after the reconquest from the Moors of the region between the Minho and Douro Rivers. Count Vímara Peres founded the fortified city that bears his own name Vimaranis, later Guimaranis, present day Guimarães, considered the "The Cradle City" of Portugal.
• 873 - Vímara Peres dies and is his son Lucídio Vimaranes becomes Count of Portugal. After his death the county passes to the hand of Diogo Fernandes, through marriage with Lucídio's daughter Onega Lucides.
• 871 - The city of Coimbra is reconquered to the Moors. Hermenegildo Mendes is made Count of Coimbra.
• 878 - The region of Coimbra (today, Central Portugal) is incorporated in the Kingdom of Asturias by the Count Hermenegildo Guterres.
• 886 - Al-Mundhir becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 888 - Abdallah ibn Muhammad becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.

10th Century

• 909 - Alfonso III of Asturias is deposed by his sons yet also proclaimed Emperor.
• 910
  • Alfonso III of Asturias dies and his kingdom is divided among his sons into the dependent kingdoms of Astúrias, León and Galicia.
  • Ordonho II becomes King of Galicia with the support of the Count of Portugal.
• 911 - Count Hermenegildo Guterres of Coimbra, sucessor of Count Hermenegildo Mendes, dies and his son Arias Mendes becomes Count of Coimbra.
• 912
  • Abd al-Rahman III becomes the Umayyad Caliph in Andalusia.
  • Under the reign of Abd al-Rahman III Muslim Al-Andalus reaches its greatest height before its slow decline over the next four centuries. Every spring Muslims launch raiding campaigns against the Christian frontier.
• 913 - An expedition commanded by Ordonho II, then vassal king of Galicia, into Muslim territory takes Évora from the Muslims.
• 914
  • Ordonho II of Galicia, becomes King of León, after the death of his brother Garcia I of León.
  • The capital city of the Kingdom of Asturias is moved from Oviedo to León, from now on Kingdom of León.
• 916 - Ordonho II of León is defeated by the Emir Abd al-Rahman III in Valdejunquera.
• 918
  • Battle of Talavera where Muslims under Abd al-Rahman III defeat the Christians.
  • Pope John X recognizes the ortodoxy and legitimacy of the Visigothic Liturgy maintained in the Mozarabic rite.
• 924 - Fruela II becomes King of León.
• 925
  • Sancho Ordonhes, son of Ordonho II of León, becomes vassal king of Galicia until 929.
  • Alfonso IV becomes King of León.
  • Ramiro II, son of Ordonho II of León, was the first to bear the title King of Portuguese Land.
• 926
  • Ramiro II takes residency in the city of Viseu.
  • Mendo Gonçalves I (also know as Hermenegildo Gonçalves, son of Count Gonçalo of Galicia) marries Mumadona Dias (daughter of Onega Lucides and Diogo Fernandes) and becomes Count of Portugal.
• 928 - Gonçalo Moniz, grandson of Count Arias Mendes of Coimbra, becomes Count of Coimbra.
• 929 - Abd al-Rahman III proclaims himself Caliph in Cordoba and transforms the Emirate of Cordova into and independent caliphate no longer under even theoretical control from Baghdad.
• 930 - Ramiro II leaves his residency in Viseu.
• 931 - Ramiro II becomes King of León.
• 938 - First document where the word Portugal is writen in its present form.
• 946 - The county of Castile becomes independent.
• 950
  • Countess Mumadona Dias of Portugal divides amongst her sons her the vast domains, upon the death of her husband Count Mendo Gonçalves I.
  • Gonçalo Mendes, son of Mumadona Dias and Mendo Gonçalves I, becomes Count of Portugal.
  • Ordonho III becomes King of León.
• 953 - Big Moorish incursion in Galicia.
• 955 - Ordonho III of León attacks lisbon.
• 956 - Sancho I becomes King of León.
• 958
  • Sancho I of León is deposed.
  • Ordonho IV becomes King of León.
• 959 - Countess Mumadona Dias donates vast estates to the Monastery of St. Mamede in Guimarães.
• 960 - Sancho I of León is reinstated as King of León.
• 962 - Count Gonçalo Mendes of Portugal rebels against Sancho I of León.
• 966
  • Count Gonçalo Moniz of Coimbra rebels against Sancho I of León.
  • Vikings raid Galicia and kill the bishop of Santiago de Compostela in battle, but his successor St. Rudesind rallies the local forces and kills the Viking King Gundered.
• 967 - Ramiro III becomes King of León.
• 971 - Another minor Viking raid in Galicia.
• 976 - Caliph al-Hakan al-Mustansir dies, and Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir takes over in the name of his protégé Hisham II, becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and lauching a big number of offensive campaignes against the Christians.
• 981 - Count Gonçalo Moniz of Coimbra dies.
• 982 - Bermudo II becomes King of León, having been acclaimed by the Counts of Galicia and anointed in Santiago de Compostela.
• 987
  • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir lays waste to the now Christian Coimbra.
  • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir seizes the castles north of the Douro River, and arrives at the city of Santiago de Compostela. The city had been evacuated and Al-Mansur burns it to the ground and destroys the Church of Santiago.
  • Count Gonçalo Mendes takes the personal title 'Magnus Dux Portucalensium (Grand-Duke of Portugal) and rebels against King Bermudo II of León, being defeated.
• 999
  • Alfonso V becomes King of León.
  • Mendo Gonçalves II, son (or grandson?) of Gonçalo Mendes and Tuta, becomes Count of Portugal.
  • Countess Mumadona Dias dies.

11th Century

• 1002 - Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir dies in the village of Salem.
• 1003 - Moors lay waste to the city of León.
• 1008
  • Vikings raid Galicia, killing Count Mendo Gonçalves II of Portugal.
  • Alvito Nunes, of a collateral line but also descent of Vímara Peres, married to Countess Tudadomna, becomes Count of Portugal.
  • Hisham II, Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, is deposed in a popular uprising led by Muhammad II al-Mahdi.
  • Mohammed II al-Mahdi becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1009 - Sulaiman al-Mustain becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, after deposing Mohammed II.
• 1010 - Hisham II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by slave troops of the Caliphate under al-Wahdid.
• 1012 - Sulaiman al-Mustain is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by the Berber armies.
• 1013 - Caliphate of Córdoba begins to break up. Berber troops take Córdoba with much plundering and destruction and kill the deposed Hisham II. Many Taifas (independent Moorish kingdoms) begin to spring up.
• 1016 - Norman invaders ascend the Minho river and destroy Tuy in Galicia.
• 1017 - Nuno Alvites, son of Alvito Nunes and Tudadomna, becomes Count of Portugal. He marries Ilduara Mendes, daughter of Mendo Gonçalves II and Tuta.
• 1021 - Abd-ar-Rahman IV becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1022 - Abd-ar-Rahman V becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1023 - Muhammad III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1025 - Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, Abbadid Emir of Seville, captures two castles at Alafões to the north-west of Viseu.
• 1027 - Hisham III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1028
  • Mendo Nunes, son of Nuno Alvites and Ilduara Mendes, becomes Count of Portugal.
  • Alfonso V, king of Asturias and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls.
  • Bermudo III, becomes King of León.
• 1031
  • Sancho III of Navarre declares war on Bermudo III of León. Navarre, sometimes assisted by Galician rebels and Normans, ravages the lands around Lugo in Galicia.
  • The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls. Beginning of the Almoravides era.
• 1034
  • The Leonese destroy a raiding force under Ismail ibn Abbad of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees to Lisbon.
  • Gonçalo Trastemires - a Portuguese frontiersman - captures Montemor castle on the Mondego river.
  • By 1034, Sancho the Great of Navarre had incorporated Aragon, Sobrarbe, Barcelona, as well as Asturias, León and Castile, and he proclaims himself Rex Hispaniarum ("King of all Spains").
• 1035
  • Sancho III of Navarre, Aragon and Castile dies and distributes his lands among his three sons; Castile and Aragon become kingdoms.
  • Bermudo III of León defeats the Moors in César, in the Aveiro region.
• 1037 – Ferdinand of Castile, son of Sancho III of Navarre, acquires the Kingdom of León in the Battle of Tamarón. The first Castilian king, Ferdinand I, defeats and kills his father-in-law, Bermudo III of León, thus inheriting his kingdom.
• 1039 – Ferdinand I of Castille-León proclaimes himself Emperor of all Hispania.
• 1044 - Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, son of the Abbadid Emir of Seville Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, retakes Mértola, since 1031 an independent Taifa.
• 1050
  • Count Mendo Nunes of Portugal is killed in battle sometime during this period.
  • Nuno Mendes, son of Count Mendo Nunes, becomes Count of Portugal.
• 1056 - The Almoravides(al-Murabitun) Dynasty begins its rise to power. Taking the name "those who line up in defense of the faith," this is a group of fanatical Berber Muslims who would rule North Africa and Islamic Iberia until 1147.
• 1057 - Ferdinand I of Castille-León conquers Lamego to the Moors.
• 1058 - Emir Al-Muzaffar al-Aftas (Abu Bekr Muhammad al-Mudaffar - Modafar I of Badajoz, Aftid Dynasty)pays the Christians to leave Badajoz, but not before Viseu being conquered by Ferdinand I of Castile-León.
• 1063 - Ferdinand I of Castile-León divides his kingdom among his sons. Galicia is allotted to his son Garcia.
• 1064
  • Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslim Coimbra from 20 January until 9 July . The Muslim governor who surrendered is allowed to leave with his family, but 5,000 inhabitants are taken captive, and all Muslims are forced out of Portuguese territory across the Mondego river.
  • The Mozarabic (Christian) general Sisnando Davides, who lead the siege of Coimbra, becomes Count of Coimbra.
• 1065 - Independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal is proclaimed under the rule of Garcia II of Galicia.
• 1071 - Garcia II of Galicia becames the first to use the title King of Portugal, when he defeates, in the Battle of Pedroso (near braga), Count Nuno Mendes, last count of Portugal of the Vímara Peres House.
• 1072 - Loss of independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal, forcibly reannexed by Garcia's brother king Alfonso VI of Castile. From that time on Galicia remained part of the Kingdom of Castile and León, although under differing degrees of self-government. Even if it did not last for very long, the Kingdom set the stage for future Portuguese independence under Henry, Count of Portugal.
• 1080
  • Coimbra is again a Diocese.
  • Count Sisnando Davides of Coimbra takes part in the invasion of Granada.
• 1091 - Count Sisnando Davides of Coimbra dies.
• 1094 - Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr takes Badajoz and Lisbon.
• 1095
  • The Almoravides take Santarém.
  • Crusaders help king Alfonso VI of Castile defeat the Moors.

Second County of Portugal

11th Century

• 1095 - Establishment of the 2nd County of Portugal (Condado Portucalense), by Count Henry of Burgundy, who marries princess Teresa of León.

12th Century

• 1102 - Diego Gemírez, Bishop of Santiago de Compostela, uses force to carry off the relics of St. Victor and St. Fructuosus of Dumes from Braga - recently reinstated as a Metropolitan See.
• 1105 - The Almohades, founded by Ibn Tumart, began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. Most specifically, the Almohades were opposed to anthropomorphisms which had slipped into Iberian Islam. Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mumin, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohades initiate riots and persecutions of both Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians are given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
• 1109, July 25 – Afonso Henriques, son of Count Henry of Burgundy, is born in the city of Guimarães.
• 1110 - Count Henry of Burgundy unsuccessfully besieges Alfonso the Battler of Aragón in Penafiel.
• 1111 - Almoravides led by Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém in the west . These cities were occupied by the Almoravides in 1094-95 this suggests a fluctuating border in Portugal.
• 1112 – Afonso Henriques inherits the County of Portugal, a fiefdom of Castile.
• 1117 - Almoravides under Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin himself take Coimbra, but abandon the city after a few days.
• 1127 - The Kingdom of León invades Portugal.
• 1128, July 24 – Count Afonso Henriques defeats his mother, Teresa of León, that governs the county after her husband's death with the title of Regina (Queen), in the Battle of São Mamede and becomes sole ruler (Dux - Duke) after demandes for independence from the county's people, church and nobles.

First Dynasty: Burgundy

• 1139, July 26 – Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León declared after the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravides: Duke Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, king of Portugal.
• 1143 – Treaty of Zamora. Alfonso VII of Leon and Castille recognizes the Kingdom of Portugal.
• 1144 - The Muridun ("Disciples") under Abul-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Qasi rebel in the Algarve. Ibn al-Mundhir takes Silves in his name and the governor of Beja, Sidray ibn Wazir, also supports him. Ibn al-Mundhir and Sidray ibn Wazir kill the garrison of Monchique castle, and 70 men take Mértola by surprise (12 Aug). Soon after the Andalusian governor of Niebla, Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Bitruji declares for the Muridun. The Almoravid Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya drives the Muridun back from Seville, and subsequently Sidray ibn Wazir splits off from the other Muridun.
• 1147
  • King Afonso I of Portugal takes Santarém, Portugal in a surprise attack (March).
  • King Afonso I of Portugal, aided by northern European crusaders (Cologne, Flanders, England), takes the city of Lisbon to the Moors on the 24 October.
• 1174 – The kingdom of Aragon recognizes Portugal as independent.
• 1179 – Pope Alexander III recognizes Afonso I as king and Portugal as an independent country.
• 1184 - The Christians defeat the Almohades at Santarém, Portugal.
• 1185 – Sancho I of Portugal becomes king.
• 1185-1212 - Sancho I of Portugal founds several new towns and villages and takes great care in populating remote areas in the northern Christian regions of Portugal, notably with Flemings and Burgundians.
• 1212
  • Afonso II of Portugal becomes king.
  • Culmination of the Reconquista. Christians defeat Almohades (Caliph Mohammed abu abd-Allah) at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Christians had 60-100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry, and had troops from Western Europe, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, León and Portugal, Military Orders (Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller, Santiago, Cavatrava), and urban Militias.
• 1217 - The town of Alcácer do Sal is conquered to the Moors.
• 1233 – Sancho II of Portugal becomes king.
• 1236 - Portugal captures most of the Algarve.
• 1246 – Pope Innocent IV declares Sancho II an heretic and orders his removal of the throne.
• 1247 – Afonso III of Portugal becomes king; Sancho II is exiled to Toledo.
• 1254 – First official reunion of the Cortes, the kingdom's general assembly.
• 1272 – Afonso III conquers Faro to the Moors, thus removing all Muslim communities of Portuguese soil and endind the Portuguese Reconquista.
• 1276 – John XXI becomes the first and only Portuguese Pope (died 1277).
• 1279 – Dinis of Portugal becomes king.
• 1297 – Dinis signs a treaty with Ferdinand IV of Castile to define the borders between Portugal and modern Spain; this treaty is valid until the present day.
• 1308 – First Portuguese commercial treaty, signed with England.
• 1325 – Afonso IV of Portugal becomes king.
• 1341 - Portugal raids the Canary Islands.
• 1355 – Ines de Castro is killed by royal order; begins civil war between Afonso IV and his heir Pedro.
• 1357 – Pedro I of Portugal becomes king; Ines de Castro is removed from her graved and crowned Queen of Portugal.
• 1367 – Fernando of Portugal becomes king.
• 1383/1385 – Civil war and political anarchy: 1383-1385 Crisis.

Second Dynasty: Aviz

• 1385 –
  • April – João I of Portugal acclaimed king by the Portuguese; Castilians do not accept this claim
  • August 14 – Battle of Aljubarrota: João I defeats the Castilians and secures the throne
• 1386 - Treaty of Windsor (between Portugal and England), an alliance between England and Portugal
• 1394 – Henry the Navigator, son of João I, is born
• 1415 – João I conquers the city of Ceuta in northern Africa
• 1419 – Madeira Islands discovered by João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira
• 1427 – Azores Islands discovered by Diogo Silves
• 1433 – Duarte of Portugal becomes king
• 1434 – Gil Eanes crosses the Bojador Cape: exploration of the African coast begins
• 1438 – Afonso V of Portugal becomes king
• 1444/1460 – discovery and settling of Cape Verde islands
• 1481 – João II of Portugal becomes king
• 1483 – João II executes Fernando, the third Duke of Braganza, and Diogo, the Duke of Viseu, putting an end to high nobility conspiracies
• 1484 – Diogo Cão discovers the Congo river
• 1491 – Bartolomeu Dias becomes the first European captain to cross the Cape of Good Hope
• 1494 – The Treaty of Tordesilhas signed between Spain and Portugal, dividing the colonisable world in two halves
• 1495 – Manuel I of Portugal becomes king
• 1498 – Vasco da Gama reaches India through navigation around Africa
• 1500 –
  • Easter Day – Pedro Álvares Cabral discovers Brazil
  • Manuel I orders expulsion or conversion of the Portuguese Jews
• 1521 – João III of Portugal becomes king
• 1542 – Portuguese explorers are the first Europeans to land in Japan
• 1557 – Sebastião of Portugal becomes king
• 1578 –
  • Portuguese troops utterly defeated in Africa, in the battle of Alcacer-Quibir; king Sebastião disappears in the battle never to be seen again
  • Cardinal Henrique I of Portugal becomes king

Third Dynasty: Habsburg (Spanish rule)

• 1580 – Philip II of Spain becomes Philip I of Portugal and the country loses de facto independence to Spain
• 1598 - Philip III of Spain becomes Philip II of Portugal
• 1621 - Philip IV of Spain becomes Philip III of Portugal

Fourth Dynasty: Bragança

• 1640, December 1 – The Duke of Braganza becomes king João IV of Portugal: end of Spanish control
• 1656 – Afonso VI of Portugal becomes king
• 1668 – Afonso VI is declared incapable of govern; his brother Pedro becomes sole ruler (but not king)
• 1683 – Pedro II of Portugal becomes king
• 1706 – João V of Portugal becomes king
• 1750 – José I of Portugal becomes king
• 1755, November 1 – The Lisbon earthquake destroys the city to the ground; an enormous tsunami wave washes away what remained standing
• 1759, January 13 – All members of the Tavora family are executed for high-treason and attempted regicide by orders of the Marquis of Pombal
• 1777 – Maria I of Portugal becomes queen; consort king is her uncle, Pedro III of Portugal
• 1807 – Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France invades Portugal and the Portuguese Royal Family is transferred to the colony of Brazil and the colony is elevated to the status of kingdom and center of the Portuguese Empire. Portugal chances the official name from Kingdom of Portugal and Algarve to Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarve.
• 1816 – João VI of Portugal becomes king
• 1820 - Metropolitan Portugal demandes the return of João VI to Lisbon. Joao VI advises his son, Pedro, to declare the independence of Brazil and become its emperor, to ensure its continued rule by the Bragança dynasty.
• 1822 - Brazil declares independence. Pedro becomes Pedro I of Brazil
• 1826 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil becomes also king Pedro IV of Portugal
• 1828 – Miguel I of Portugal becomes king, rival to Pedro IV: civil war
• 1834 -
  • July 24, the Duke of Terceira wins the battle of Lisbon - end of the civil war: Miguel I exiled to Germany
  • Maria II of Portugal becomes queen; consort king is prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Fernando II of Portugal)
• 1853 – Pedro V of Portugal becomes king
• 1861 – Luis I of Portugal becomes king
• 1889 – Carlos I of Portugal becomes king
• 1908 –
  • February 1, King Carlos and his son prince Luís Filipe are killed in Lisbon by republicans
  • Manuel II of Portugal becomes king

First Republic

• 1910, October 5 – A popular revolution puts an end to monarchy: Portugal becomes a Republic; king Manuel II exiled to England
• 1917 – Portugal joins the allied forces in World War I

Second Republic: Authoritarian Estado Novo

• 1926, May 28 – A coup brings fascist leaders to government
• 1933 - A new fascist regime entitled Estado Novo is installed
• 1949 - Portugal is a founding member of NATO
• 1961 – The Portuguese colonial war starts in northern Angola

Third Republic: Democracy

• 1974, April 25 – The Carnation Revolution puts an end to fascist regime, Marcello Caetano exiled to Brazil
• 1975 –
  • Independence is granted to all Portuguese colonies in Africa and independence is promised to East Timor
  • March 11 – A right-wing coup fails: A turn to the left in the revolution happens and major industries and big properties are nationalized by government
  • November 25 – Another coup removes extreme-left influence in politics
  • December 7 – East Timor is violently annexed by Indonesia
• 1980 – Prime minister Francisco Sá Carneiro and defence minister Amaro da Costa killed in a plane crash; accident or terrorist attack still discussed today
• 1984 – Carlos Lopes wins the first Olympic Gold Medal for Portugal in the Los Angeles '84 marathon
• 1986, January 1 – Portugal becomes a member of the European Economic Community, today's European Union
• 1998 – Lisbon organizes the World's Fair Expo '98
• 1999, January 1 – Macao, the last overseas Portuguese colony, is returned to China
• 2002, January 1 – Portugal adopts the euro as currency
• 2004, Summer – UEFA European Championships are held in Portugal