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International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

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The publication of satirical cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on September 30 2005 has led to violence, arrests, interstate tensions, and debate about the scope of free speech and the place of Muslims in the West. Many Muslims claim that any image of Muhammad is blasphemous (even though historically, Muslims have created images of Muhammad), while many Westerners have defended the right of free speech. A number of governments, organizations, and individuals have issued statements defining their stance on the protests or cartoons.

Political Reactions

Afghanistan

President Hamid Karzai calls the printing of the images a mistake, and hopes that this will lead to the media being more responsible and respectful in the future.

Bahrain

Bahrain's parliament demands an apology from Denmark's head of state, Queen Margrethe II, as well as from the government. [1]

MPs call for an extraordinary session of parliament to discuss the cartoons, while protestors set Danish dairy products ablaze. Al Menbar MP Mohammed Khaled has demanded that Arab leaders take action: "We are stunned by the silence of the Arab leaders. They don't tolerate any criticism against them, yet allow others to insult the Prophet."[2]

Bangladesh

Foreign Minister Morshed Khan states before parliament that a diplomatic protest was lodged with the government of Denmark on 2006-11-07. Further, he requests the Danish government issue an apology and urges them to prevent further occurrences of "such heinous acts."[3]

Belgium

In Belgium, the parliament accepted a resolution to defend the freedom of speech and to support Denmark. Members of the party Vlaams Belang (far right) all had Danish flags on their desk during the debate. The leader of this party, Filip Dewinter, held a speech starting with the words "Today, we are all Danes".

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Muslims in Sarajevo have organized a protest with the government of Denmark, but the Bosnian politians said that "there is no need to organize such protest, Muslims must calm down".[citation needed]

Canada

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a statement on February 14, 2006, that said Canadians have the right to free speech as well as the right to voice their opinions about the free speech of others. He said that he "regretted" that several Canadian newspapers had chosen to run the cartoons after the controversy began. "While we understand this issue is divisive, our government wishes that people be respectful of the beliefs of others." Harper also commended the Canadian Muslim community for voicing its opinion peacefully, respectfully and democratically. [4]

Foriegn affairs minister Peter MacKay released a statement commenting that "This sensitive issue highlights the need for a better understanding of Islam and of Muslim communities... [to] promote a better understanding of Islam internationally, in partnership with Muslim communities."

Czech Republic

After Iran sent a formal sharp objection to the Czech government against the publication of the cartoons in MF DNES and Hospodarske noviny, the newspapers insisted that it was necessary for them to publish the pictures so that the readers get the full information. The Czech foreign minister Cyril Svoboda called the Muslim reaction "exaggerated" and advocated a united European stand on the issue. [1] President Vaclav Klaus argued that freedom of speech is only meaningful as a contract between a citizen and a particular government. The Czech government expressed solidarity with Denmark.

Finland

On February 1 Finnish Minister of Foreign Affairs Erkki Tuomioja commented on the issue, and said that Denmark should have acted earlier and paid more attention to Muslim outrage over the offensive caricatures. Further, he said that the Danish government could apologise for the fact that religious feelings were offended, without endangering freedom of expression. Tuomioja indicated the belief that EU countries should together condemn the threats of violence.

On February 14 police opened investigations into the publication of the cartoons on a Finnish web site. In Finland it is illegal to "disturb religious peace" (literal translation). This law is rarely prosecuted, giving this incident nation-wide attention. The cartoons have been published on numerous Finnish web sites but not in mainstream media. Police declined to comment which site or sites are being investigated, and said any media that publishes the cartoons will be similarly investigated. [2]

France

The French foreign minister supported the right to free press, but added that it must be used "in a spirit of tolerance and with respect for beliefs and religions".[5]

Nicolas Sarkozy, Interior Minister and presidential candidate, said on LCI television that he "preferred an excess of caricature to an excess of censorship" and pointed out that it is, if necessary, up to the courts to judge whether caricatures go beyond what is reasonable to publish, and not to the governments of Muslim countries.[6]

On 2006-02-06, French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin condemned the violence that had occurred internationally in response to the cartoons, but called for tolerance and respect toward other faiths.[7]

Germany

Chancellor Angela Merkel said that while she understands that feelings were hurt by the caricatures, violent reactions were unacceptable. She stressed the central role of freedom of expression, and called for dialogue. "Denmark must not feel let alone in this issue". Merkel also said that she understands this to be the common position of the E.U.[8]

India

Reactions have largely been muted by India's Muslim community, but on Friday, February 10 protestors burnt the Danish flag outside the Jama Masjid in Delhi after the imam criticised the Danish government.

Indonesia

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono says the Indonesian government condemned the publication of caricature of the Prophet Muhammad. "The publication of the caricature of course reflects a lack of sensitivity to the views and belief of other religious adherents," he said. However, as "religious people", he recommends to "accept the apology". [9]

Iran

On February 2, Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ordered contracts to be cancelled with all countries where media have published the cartoons. On February 5, Iran recalled their ambassador from Denmark, and banned Danish journalists from reporting from Iran. Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said on February 6th, 2006, that a "Zionist conspiracy" was to blame for the row over the Prophet Muhammad cartoons, in his first reaction to the controversy: "The reason for the Zionist action is because of the loss they suffered by Hamas winning". Khamenai was referring to Hamas victory in the Palestinian legislative election.

There was a recommendation for The term for a "Danish" pastry to be changed to "Gole Mohammadi"(in Persian: Mohammadi Flower).[10]

Some Iranian organisations and media have also backed the publications of cartoons with actions such as organising demonstrations abroad, republishing caricatures, publishing articles defending them, showing them through Satellite Channels or talk about them in radio.

The following Iranian Organistaions are among those who backed the Freedom of Speech (as they put it) and publication of Caricatures : Atheists Society,Communist Youth Organisation, Communist Youth Organisation-Hekmatist, Organisation of Iranian Blogwriters(PenLog), Organisation of Women Emancipation, Organistation of Women Liberation, Worker-Communist Party of Iran, Worker-Communist Party of Iran-Hekmatist and Organistaion of Unity of Iranian People Fedayis.

Iranian Papers and Websites that republished Cartoons and/or defending them includes: "Anternasional" (Weekly Paper in Persian), "Bikhodayan" (Monthly Paper in Persian), "Iskra" (Weekly Paper in Persian), Iran Tribune Website,"Javanane Hekmatist" (Weekly Paper in Persian), "Javanane Komonist" (Weekly Paper in Persian), "Komonist" (Weekly Paper in Persian), "Man O Paltalk" Website, "Oktober" (Weekly Paper in Persian), Rowzane.com Website, WPI Briefing (Iranian Weekly Paper in English)

Iranian Famous Activists and people who defended the Cartoons: Nawid Akhgar, Atash(Blogger), Bamdad(Blogger),Mohsen Ebrahimi, Elize(Blogger), HasanAgha(Blogger), Ali Javadi, Jay Londoner(Blogger), Kamran Kamyab, Mahmoud Ketabchi, Mahmoud Qazvini, Maryam Koosha, Azar Majedi, Sohrab Mokhtari, Maryam Namazie, Fariborz Pooya, Shabah(Blogger), Shiva(Blogger), Arash Sorx, Hamid Taghvaee.

Iraq

Shia cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani condemned the cartoons but also commented about militants who discredit Islam by their acts. Sistani underlined how un-Islamic acts of extremism are used as justification to attack Islam.[11]

Ireland

Irish president Mary McAleese condemned the cartoons as designed to provoke, designed to be rude and designed to inflame. She also condemned the violent protests against the cartoons.[12]

Italy

On February 14, Italy's Reform Minister Roberto Calderoli had T-shirts made emblazoned with cartoons of the Prophet Mohammad in a move likely to embarrass Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's government. Calderoli, a member of the anti-immigrant Northern League party, told Ansa news agency on Tuesday that the West had to stand up against Islamist extremists and offered to hand out T-shirts to anyone who wanted them. Italian minister puts Mohammad cartoon on T-shirts

Lebanon

The Lebanese minister of foreign affairs criticised the drawings saying that Freedom of speech ends when sacred values are offended. [13]

Libya

Libya recalled its ambassador and announced that it would close its embassy in Denmark [14].

On February 17, 2006, the Italian Minister for Reform, Roberto Calderoli, had a T-shirt printed up with the cartoons. Calderoli then when on national TV, where he unbuttoned his dress shirt to reveal the caricatures. Simultaneously, a peaceful demonstration protesting the cartoons underway in Bengazi, Libya (a former Italian colony) turned violent as news of the broadcast spread across the Mediterranean. The Italian Consulate and four cars parked nearby were set on fire and eleven were killed as authorities attempted to quell the violence. On Saturday February 18, 2006, after a meeting with Northern League political kingpin Umberto Bossi, Calderoli was forced to resign his post. [15].

Netherlands

The Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Jan-Peter Balkenende, issued the following statement (translated): "I regret the threats from the Muslim world. In our world, when someone crosses a line, we take the matter to court. There is no place here for threats and own direction. (I am) Glad there is freedom of speech here. At the same time we have to realize that our images and ideas can be provocative to others."

New Zealand

The cartoons were published by two daily newspapers, the Dominion Post and Christchurch Press, both owned by Fairfax of Australia. Fleeting glimpses were also shown on two television networks reporting on the issue. The publication ignited a national debate and a peaceful street protest by New Zealand Muslims in Auckland. The publication of the cartoons was condemned by Prime Minister Helen Clark and opposition leader Don Brash, although they both stated that such decisions were up to newspaper editors to make. New Zealand has good trading relations with many Islamic countries and there were concerns that the controversy would threaten this. Shortly thereafter the newspapers agreed not to republish the cartoons, and New Zealand Muslim groups, while condemning the cartoons, have asked Muslim countries not to boycott New Zealand goods.

Malaysia

Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, current chairman of Organization of the Islamic Conference says "This is a deliberate act of provocation. They should cease and desist from doing so." [16]

Pakistan

Upper House of parliament adopts a unanimous resolution condemning the Danish newspaper for publishing blasphemous and derogatory cartoons. [17] Pakistan's ambassador urged the Danish prime minister to penalise the cartoonists. From Feb 14-15 protests have occurred, the largest of which took place in Peshawar where protestors number over 70,000 [3]. Other cities have also experienced great unrest such as Lahore where foreign owned businesses such as Pizza Hut, KFC, and McDonalds have been burned; Islamabad where the embassies of Britain, France, and India were targeted; and Tank, a town 142 miles from Peshawar, where protestors burned down shops selling CDs and DVDs.

On Feb. 17, 2006, Ynetnews.com ran an AP article that claims that an Islamic cleric is offering a monetary reward and a new car for killing cartoonists (implied).

"Mohammed Yousaf Qureshi, prayer leader at the historic Mohabat Khan mosque in the northwestern city of Peshawar, announced the mosque and the Jamia Ashrafia religious school he leads would give a 1.5 million rupee reward and a car for killing the cartoonist of the prophet pictures that appeared first in a Danish newspaper in September.

"Whoever has done this despicable and shameful act, he has challenged the honor of Muslims. Whoever will kill this cursed man, he will get one million dollars from the association of the jewelers' bazaar, one million rupees from Masjid Mohabat Khan and 500,000 rupees and a car from Jamia Ashrafia as a reward," Qureshi said.

"This is a unanimous decision by all imams (prayer leaders) of Islam that whoever insults the prophet deserves to be killed and whoever will take this insulting man to his end, will get this prize," Qureshi said.

link here: http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3217591,00.html

Poland

Polish Prime-Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz said he considered cartoons to be an unnecessary provocation. The Polish government also said they are quite sorry that the newspaper Rzeczpospolita also offended Muslims.

Russia

Russia president Vladimir Putin indicates in a speech in the Kremlin that the Danish political authorities are using the theme of freedom of expression to protect those who have insulted the Muslims.

The president of the Institute of the Middle East, Yevgeny Satanovsky, told Itar-Tass on February 6 that "The caricatures of Prophet Mohammad published as far back as last September angered the entire Islamic world but especially the countries where Iran’s influence is the strongest, and the apex of the conflict coincided precisely with the discussion of the Iranian nuclear dossier at the IAEA.” This theory is echoed by Scientific Council of the Moscow Carnegie Centre member, Alexei Malashenko, who believes that “the fuss around the caricatures was made artificially." That is, at a time when the Muslim world has no concerted position either on the Iranian nuclear program or Hamas, whose ideology is opposed by moderate Islamic regimes, the caricature uproar provides a “pretext for showing how coherent Muslims are.” [18]

Accordingly, Russian officials have decided to not take sides on the matter unless or until Russia's economic interests are at stake.

Saudi Arabia

In late January 2006, Saudi Arabia recalled its ambassadors for consultations — a traditional message of diplomatic displeasure.

South Africa

An interdict was obtained to prevent newspapers in South Africa from publishing the cartoons. Independent Newspapers (South Africa) did however publish an article which Muslims alleged was blasphemous and for this reason protest marches were arranged. President Thabo Mbeki reacted to the granting of the interdict by saying that the courts had spoken and that anyone who had objections to the granting of the interdict could pursue the matter as allowed by the law. He went on to say that the courts had the obligation to balance rights of citizens to freedom of speech to those of others to be protected from harm or insult. On 3 February Mail & Guardian however does print the cartoons.

Singapore

The Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS) issued a statement that said "the inciting of hatred against a faith of a people is very unfortunate," and that "[they] are fortunate and deeply appreciative that in Singapore, the media and the community at large have always been mindful of sensitivities… and have helped to promote racial and religious harmony across society." The Foreign Minister George Yeo and the Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs Dr. Yaacob Ibrahim have similarly said that the incident shows the need to respect racial and religious sensitivities, have a "responsible media," and to cultivate good inter-religious relations and confidence beyond just legislation. Later, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that the publication of the cartoons depicting the Prophet Mohammad was provocative and wrong, but he expressed objection to violent response.[19]

Syria

The Syrian government recalled their ambassador from Denmark on February 1.

Sweden

On February 5, Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Laila Freivalds stated the following in an interview[20]: We support the freedom of speech, that I think is very clear. But at the same time it is important to say that with this freedom comes a certain responsibility, and it could be objectionable to act in a way that insults people.

The right wing extremist party Swedish Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) have started a competition to draw cartoons of Muhammed on their web site at http://www.sdkuriren.se/

Turkey

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, is quoted in the Turkish press saying: "Caricatures of prophet Muhammad are an attack against our spiritual values. There should be a limit of freedom of press." [21]

United Arab Emirates

The Justice and Islamic Affairs Minister, Mohammed Al Dhaheri, calls the publication of the cartoon "cultural terrorism, not freedom of expression." [22]

United Kingdom

British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw criticized European newspapers for republishing the cartoons: "There is freedom of speech, we all respect that, ... But there is not any obligation to insult or to be gratuitously inflammatory. I believe that the republication of these cartoons has been unnecessary. It has been insensitive. It has been disrespectful and it has been wrong." Straw also praises British newspapers for their "considerable responsibility and sensitivity" in not printing the cartoons. [23]

United States

The US government has issued a statement saying: "We all fully recognize and respect freedom of the press and expression but it must be coupled with press responsibility. Inciting religious or ethnic hatreds in this manner is not acceptable." [24] A State Department spokesman said that the images are offensive, but added that U.S. also support the rights of individuals to express their freely held views and that it is not for the U.S. Government to dictate what is printed in the media. [25].

In the US Department of State's daily briefing for Friday, February 3rd, official spokesman Sean McCormick, speaking for the current administration, said (in part), "Our response is to say that while we certainly don't agree with, support, or in some cases, we condemn the views that are aired in public that are published in media organizations around the world, we, at the same time, defend the right of those individuals to express their views. For us, freedom of expression is at the core of our democracy and it is something that we have shed blood and treasure around the world to defend and we will continue to do so. ... So we would urge all parties to exercise the maximum degree of understanding, the maximum degree of tolerance when they talk about this issue. And we would urge dialogue, not violence. And that also those that might take offense at these images that have been published, when they see similar views or images that could be perceived as anti-Semitic or anti-Catholic, that they speak out with equal vigor against those images." [26]

Speaking in Qatar, former U.S. president Bill Clinton strongly criticised the Danish cartoons, comparing historical anti-semitism in Europe with anti-Islamic feeling today: "So now what are we going to do? ... Replace the anti-Semitic prejudice with anti-Islamic prejudice?" [27]

Vatican City

Statement on Offending Religious Sentiments

"Coexistence Calls for a Climate of Mutual Respect"

VATICAN CITY, FEB. 5, 2006 - Here is a translation of the statement issued by the Vatican press office on reactions to the publication in several Western newspapers of caricatures of the prophet Mohammed.

In response to several requests on the Holy See's position vis-à-vis recent offensive representations of the religious sentiments of individuals and entire communities, the Vatican press office can state:

1. The right to freedom of thought and expression, sanctioned by the Declaration of the Rights of Man, cannot imply the right to offend the religious sentiment of believers. This principle applies obviously for any religion.

2. In addition, coexistence calls for a climate of mutual respect to favor peace among men and nations. Moreover, these forms of exasperated criticism or derision of others manifest a lack of human sensitivity and may constitute in some cases an inadmissible provocation. A reading of history shows that wounds that exist in the life of peoples are not cured this way.

3. However, it must be said immediately that the offenses caused by an individual or an organ of the press cannot be imputed to the public institutions of the corresponding country, whose authorities might and should intervene eventually according to the principles of national legislation. Therefore, violent actions of protest are equally deplorable. Reaction in the face of offense cannot fail the true spirit of all religion. Real or verbal intolerance, no matter where it comes from, as action or reaction, is always a serious threat to peace.

source [4]

United Nations

  • The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, and Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance requests the Permanent Danish Mission to the UN to deliver their observations of the case. [28]

European Union

  • Jose Manuel Barroso, the President of the European Commission, supported the Danish government saying that freedom of speech cannot be compromised: "It's better to publish too much than not to have freedom.." [31]
  • Franco Frattini, the vice-President of the European Commission and EU Commissioner for Justice, Freedom, and Security, called the publication of the twelve cartoons "thoughtless and inappropriate" in a time when European animosity towards Islam is said to be on the rise. According to Frattini, the cartoons foment hostility against Islam and foreigners.
  • The European Union on 30 January, said that any retaliatory boycott of Danish goods would violate world trade rules. [32]
  • On the 15 February, the European Parliament accepts a resolution in which in condemns all cartoon violence. It states that the EU stands in solidarity with Denmark and all other countries that have been affected by the violence. Furthermore it states that Muslims may be offended by the cartoons and that they have the right to protest peacefully. However the freedom of speech is absolute and may not be affected by any form of censorship.[33]

Other

Economic sanctions

Saudi Arabia

File:Dm product.jpg
أحد المراكز التجارية الكبرى تقاطع المنتجات الدانمركية
"To our dear customers: As a result of mockery towards The Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him), Al Tamimi Markets announces its boycott of all kinds of Danish Products"
 
Wikinews has related news:

People in Saudi Arabia called for a boycott on Danish products on January 20 and carried it out starting January 26. The boycott primarily targeted dairy products produced by Arla Foods, but has also hit other products such as Bang & Olufsen and Lego. The Foreign Minister of Denmark, Per Stig Møller, stated that the boycott has not been initiated by the Saudi Arabian government. The Danish-Swedish dairy company Arla Foods launched a massive ad campaign in Saudi Arabia, trying to improve their reputation and stop the boycott. This happened after their sales in Saudi Arabia almost came to a complete stop. The text for the ads was written by the Danish ambassador in Saudi Arabia, Hans Klingenberg, and includes passages from the Prime Minister of Denmark's New Year's speech. Arla exports account for almost 380 million Euros a year. [34][35] Arla has halted production in the Saudi capital Riyadh and sent home 170 employees[36] . Denmark is concerned about the potential loss of 11,000 jobs resulting from boycotts against Danish products in the Islamic world. [37] In February, the French international supermarket chain Carrefour takes all Danish products off the shelves in Muslim countries. Posters with the Carrefour logo proclaiming a boycott of Denmark, resulted in a boycott of Carrefour in Brussels.[38]

Iran

Iran has announced that it will cease all trade with "countries that have published the cartoons". A high level committee involving the Foreign Minister, the Deputy Foreign Minister, the Deputy Trade Minister and the Deputy Oil Minister has been set up.

Kuwait

File:Buy Danish.jpg
A web badge used by the "Buy Danish" campaign.

The boycott has spread to Kuwait where the country's largest retail chain, the state-owned Coop, has taken all Danish products off the shelves. This has lead to the Confederation of Danish Industries sending an open letter to Jyllands-Posten in which they state that the paper should comment on these events because they feel their members are caught in a "battle" between religious movements and the paper.[39] The newspaper has reacted to the letter by saying that "Dictatorships should not dictate what Danish newspapers are to draw and write". [40]

File:No2denmark.gif
A web badge used by the "No to Denmark" campaign.

Reactions in support of Jyllands-Posten

Various people and groups, including conservatives, liberals, anti-Islamist groups, freedom of speech proponents, anticlericalists and American weblogs[41] have initiated a Buy Danish Goods campaign, which is intended to counter the boycott from Middle East countries.[42]

The president of Reporters Without Borders Robert Ménard says that Morgenavisen Jyllandsposten has taught the world a thing or two about free speech and that there is nothing for which to apologise.[43]

On February 1, French newspaper France Soir reproduced the caricatures, along with a caricature of Buddha, Muhammad and the Christian and Jewish gods all sitting on a cloud. The front page read: “Oui, on a le droit de caricaturer Dieu” ("Yes, we have the right to caricature God").

The drawings were by this point published in newspapers all over Europe (see timeline). Later that day, the France Soir editor who published the cartoons was fired by the paper's owner, a Franco-Egyptian and Roman Catholic (see note in timeline for February 1). Le Monde published in the first page of its February 3 issue a satirical cartoon by Plantu mocking the prohibition of drawing Muhammad.

Websites have started Support Denmark campaigns and online petitions, while weblogs have published their own parodies of the cartoons.[44][45]

The Dutch conservative politician Geert Wilders placed the cartoons on his website "to support the Danish cartoonists and to stand up for freedom of speech."[46]

As a variation on Hampster Dance, a Mohammed Dance site features animated versions of the various cartoons.

Muhammad Cartoon Competition

The right wing Swedish Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna ) have started a competition to draw cartoons of Muhammed on their web site at http://www.sdkuriren.se/. Their ISP shut down their website when the government complained. However, they have now found another ISP to host them.

Other reactions

  • In early January the Egyptian government threatened Denmark with an embargo of Danish products, but did not carry out its threat. Some citizens and major shops started a boycott on their own.
  • Protesters in Rabat, Morocco staged a sit-in before the Parliament on 2006-02-02, in response to the cartoons. On the same day, delivery of the Wednesday issue of the 'France-Soir' and Friday issue of the 'Liberation' daily newspapers was barred by the Moroccan government. [47]
  • On February 4 2006, during the Muhammad cartoon crisis, the International Cartoon Festival in Belgium chose a "yawning Christ on the cross" as winner. [48]
  • On February 6, Iran’s biggest-selling newspaper, the Hamshahri of Tehran, announced that it would be holding a contest to find the 12 "best" cartoons about the Holocaust. [5]
  • On February 8 Flemming Rose the cultural editor for Jyllands-Posten told CNN: "My newspaper is trying to establish a contact with that Iranian newspaper [Hamshahri], and we would run the cartoons the same day as they publish them". Later that day the paper's editor-in-chief said that Jyllands-posten under no circumstances would publish the Holocaust cartoons.
  • In demonstrations on February 9, 2006 in Beirut, Lebanon, Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, declared that Muslims should continue to demonstrate against the drawings until European nations pass laws forbidding derogatory portrayal of the prophet Mohammed.
  • On February 9, BBC reports that, in a speech in Berlin, Ms. Ayaan Hirsi Ali (colleague of murdered filmmaker Theo van Gogh) said it was "correct to publish the cartoons" and that the furore over the cartoons had exposed the fear among artists and journalists in Europe to "analyse or criticise intolerant aspects of Islam". [50]
"This topic is so suffused by hypocrisy I am reluctant even to comment on it. Doubtless the press in the US at least is legally entitled to print a series of anti-Semitic caricatures of Moses, with disgusting captions like those in Jyllands-Posten, and it's good that US law permits this. Have they done it? As for Jyllands-Posten, they were legally entitled to print cartoons satirizing the resurrection of Jesus, but rejected them, saying it would 'provoke an outcry.' Actually in Europe, unlike the US, there is only limited protection of freedom of speech. The record in England, France, and elsewhere is disgraceful. Even in the US, a high standard of protection of freedom of speech was only reached recently -- in 1964, in a case involving Martin Luther King. Before that the US record is awful.
The issue of 'freedom of speech clashing with journalistic responsibility' does not arise for hypocrites who don't believe in freedom of speech in the first place."

Violent protests

File:Syria embassy fire.jpg
The building housing the Danish embassy in Damascus, Syria burning after being stormed by demonstrators.

Deaths

Demonstrations

Demonstrations against the cartoons took place in several predominantly or partially Muslim countries, not just in the Middle East but also in the Philippines and Indonesia. A prominent feature of many of these demonstrations is the burning of the flags of Denmark[57] [58] [59] [60] [61], France[62], and Norway[63]. The Swiss flag was also burned at some protests[64], possibly due to its similarity to the Danish flag. At some of these protests, many American[65], British, and Israeli[66] flags were also burned. In addition to burning, some demonstrators walked on Danish flags or tore them up[67] [68] [69] [70] [71]. Since the Danish flag incorporates a cross, desecrating a Danish flag can be seen as both an anti-Danish and an anti-Christian act. The controversy produced labour strikes and protests in Pakistan, and mass demonstrations in Baghdad in Iraq. In Palestine, thousands of people participated in demonstrations and gunmen in the Gaza Strip threatened violence against any Scandinavians in the area. The European Union's Gaza offices were raided by 15 masked gunmen from the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. They demanded apologies from Denmark and Norway, but left 30 minutes later without any shots being fired or injuries caused. [72]

On February 2, Palestinian gunmen shut down the EU headquarters in Gaza, in protest of the Jyllands-Posten drawings. According to CNN, "Masked members of the militant groups Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, the armed wing of the Palestinians' former ruling party, Fatah, fired bullets into the air, and a man read the group's demands....The gunmen left a notice on the EU office's door that the building would remain closed until Europeans apologize to Muslims, many of whom consider the cartoons offensive." [73] This is the second attack the groups have made on the EU headquarters in Gaza. One hostage, an unnamed German teacher, was taken and released the same day.

As of February 5, the demonstrations had become too numerous to list.

On February 6, at least four demonstrators in Afghanistan were shot by riot police, while taking part in an assault on the Bagram Airbase outside Kabul, another two died in Mihtarlam.[74]

As of February 17, at least 13 people had died during protests[citation needed].

Death threats

In response to the publication of the drawings, the UK Islamist group Al Ghurabaa publish an article on their website titled, "Kill those who insult the Prophet Muhammad". The article states, "The insulting of the Messenger Muhammad (saw) is something that the Muslims cannot and will not tolerate and the punishment in Islam for the one who does so is death. This is the sunnah of the prophet and the verdict of Islam upon such people, one that any Muslim is able execute."[75] Al Ghurabaa had organised the 3 February protest march from London Central Mosque to Regents Park [76] [77] where protesters waived placards reading, "Butcher those who mock Islam", "Kill those who insult Islam", "Europe you will pay, your 9/11 is on the way", or "7/7 is on its way", "Europe you will pay, Bin Laden is on his way" and "Europe you'll come crawling, when the Mujahideen come roaring". Despite the similar theme on Al Ghurabaa's website, their spokesman, Anjem Choudary, said he did not know who wrote the placards.[78] MPs from all parties condemned the protest, calling the Metropolitan police to pursue those responsible on the grounds that the threats were an incitement to murder.[79]

Bounty for Killing Cartoonist(s)

On February 17, Pakistani cleric Mohammed Yousaf Qureshi announced a $1,000,000 bounty for the killing of the cartoonist who drew the drawings; he seemed to be unaware that the original twelve cartoons were drawn by twelve different artists[80].

Churches

File:Assyrian Church Cartoon.jpg
The entrance of the Assyrian Church in Iraq, after the bombings

On January 29 six churches in the Iraqi cities of Baghdad and Kirkuk were targeted by car bombs, killing 13-year-old worshipper Fadi Raad Elias. No militants claimed to be retaliating for the pictures, nor is this the first time Iraqi churches have been bombed;[81] but the bishop of the church stated "The church blasts were a reaction to the cartoons published in European papers. But Christians are not responsible for what is published in Europe." [82] Many Assyrians in Iraq now feel like "Westerners should not give wild statements [as] everyone can attack us [in response]" and "Today I'm afraid to walk the streets, because I'm Christian." [83] On February 5, thousands of Muslims in Lebanon surrounded the Maronite Catholic church and threw stones at it.[84]

On February 6, an Italian Catholic priest named Andrea Santoro was reported to have been shot dead at the door-step of his church in the Black Sea port city Trabzon. The convict, arrested on February 7 who is a Turkish Muslim youth aged 16, told the public attorney that his action was motivated by cartoons protests. [7]

Also on February 6, leaflets were distributed in Ramadi, Iraq by the militant group "The Military Wing for the Army of Justice" demanding Christians to "halt their religious rituals in churches and other worship places because they insulted Islam and Muslims." [8] and [9]

On February 18, 2006, eleven churches, as well as several other Christian-owned businesses, in northern Nigeria were burned by protesters. [85]

Fatwa

Also on January 29, a Muslim Cleric in the Iraqi city of Mosul issued a fatwa stating, "Expel the Crusaders and infidels from the streets, schools, and institutions because they have offended the person of the prophet." [86] It has been reported that Muslim students beat up a Christian student at Mosul University in response to the fatwa on the same day.[86] On February 2, some Palestinians in the West Bank handed out a leaflet signed by Islamic Jihad stating, "Churches in Gaza could come under attack" [87].

The Danish government announced that a fatwa had been declared against the Danish troops stationed in Iraq. The government responded by heightening security for its troops. [88]

Burning embassies

File:Francesoir.jpg
The newspaper France Soir produced these caricatures on February 1 with the words "Oui, on a le droit de caricaturer Dieu" - "Yes, people have the right to caricature God."

On February 4, the Danish and Norwegian embassies in Damascus, Syria were set on fire, after being stormed by an angry mob. Within the building housing the Danish embassy were the Chilean and Swedish embassies, both having no formal connection to the present row.[89]. As it was a holiday, no one was present inside the building when this occured, so no one was hurt. As a response to this incident, the Danish and Norweigan Ministries of Foreign Affairs issued a warning, urging their citizens in Syria to leave the country immediately. The German Cultural Centre in Gaza was raided by Palestinian students[90]

On February 5, the Danish consulate in Lebanon was set on fire by demonstrators, reportedly police and military tried to restrain them from doing so.

In Tehran, on February 6, the Danish embassy was attacked by protestors. According to reports, homemade grenades were thrown at the embassy. However, the Danish embassy wasn't set ablaze.

On October 19, ten ambassadors from Islamic countries, including Algeria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Morocco, Pakistan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, as well as the head of the Palestinian delegation in Denmark, sent a letter to Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen requesting a meeting and asking him to distance himself from hate speech, including remarks by MP Louise Frevert, Culture Minister of Denmark Brian Mikkelsen, and the Radio Holger station. [91] Rasmussen declined, saying that the government could not interfere with the right to free speech, but said that cases of blasphemy and discrimination could be tried before the courts [92], a reaction essentially seen as a snub by the Muslims[93].

In the Nordic countries

On January 10, a marginal Norwegian Christian magazine, Magazinet, printed the drawings after getting authorisation from Jyllands-Posten. Major newspapers in Norway had printed facsimiles from Jyllands-Posten and reproduced all the caricatures in their online versions; a few days earlier, the Swedish newspaper Expressen had printed two of the drawings in conjunction with an article discussing the event. [94] However, it was the Magazinet printing that led to a great debate in Norway. A Norwegian man made a threat against the lives of the people at the magazine, but later claimed, when faced by the police, that it was just a prank. The Norwegian Foreign Ministry sent a letter to their ambassadors in the Middle East stating that one of the pillars of the Norwegian society is freedom of speech, but they expressed regret that Magazinet did not respect Muslims' beliefs. [95]

This is assumed to be the reason for actions directed at Sweden and Norway as well as Denmark. On January 30, Palestinian groups demanded that all Scandinavians leave the Palestinian territories immediately. On January 30, an Islamic organisation, the Mujahedeen Army, called for militant attacks against "all available targets" in Denmark and Norway. [96] On January 31 bomb threats were made against the newspaper's offices in Århus and Copenhagen.

In Finland the biggest newspaper Helsingin Sanomat considered publishing the cartoons, however it did not publish them. Finland's comparatively small Muslim community held a peaceful demonstration with tens of demonstrators, close to the Danish embassy.

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