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La parola Shekhinah (leggi: sce-chi-nà – in ebraico שְׁכִינָה?; in arabo السكينة?) è una traslitterazione del sostantivo ebraico femminile singolare שכינה , reso talvolta dagli omofoni Shechinah, Shekina, Shechina, Schechinah. La sua etimologia è connessa al verbo שכנ (sciakhàn), dimorare, e può essere resa letteralmente come "dimora", "abitazione".
All'interno della tradizione biblica e teologica ebraica indica la presenza fisica di Dio o YHWH (il Signore, appellativo con cui ci si riferisce alla divinità, altrimenti impronunciabile).[2]
Di Shekhinah si parla, in particolare, relativamente a:
- la tenda del convegno costruita da Mosè durante il soggiorno di 40 anni del popolo ebraico nel deserto (XIII secolo a.C.), narrato nel Libro dell'Esodo;
- il Tempio di Gerusalemme, costruito da Salomone nel X secolo a.C.;
- le manifestazioni epifaniche di Dio ai suoi fedeli.
Etimologia
Shekhinah deriva dal verbo ebraico שכן. La radice semitica letteralmente significa stabilirsi, abitare, o dimorare. Il nome astratto non ricorre nel Tanakh (Bibbia ebraica) e lo si incontra per la prima volta nella letteratura rabbinica.[3] L'etimo viene spesso usato per riferirsi ai nidi d'uccello e alle nidificazioni.[4] e può anche significare "vicino/prossimo".[5]
La parola usata per "Tabernacolo", mishkan, è un derivato della stessa radice ed è usato nel senso di "dimora" nella Bibbia, per esempio in Salmi 132:5[6] ("finché non trovi una sede [mishkanot] per il Signore, una dimora per il Potente di Israele.") e Numeri 24:5[7] ("Come sono belle le tue dimore, Israele" in cui la parola corrispondente a "tue dimore", traslitterata, è mishkenotecha). Di conseguenza, secondo il pensiero ebraico classico, la Shekhinah si riferisce ad una dimora o sede in senso speciale, una dimora o sede della presenza divina,[8] per cui, mentre si è in prossimità della Shekhinah, la connessione con Dio è più facilmente percepibile.
Il concetto è simile a quello del Vangelo di Matteo Matteo 18:20[9]:
Perché dove sono due o tre riuniti nel mio nome, io sono in mezzo a loro.[3]
Alcuni teologi cristiani collegano il concetto di Shekhinah al termine greco "Parousia", "presenza" o "arrivo", che viene usato nel Nuovo Testamento in modo simile a "presenza divina".[10]
Significato nell'ebraismo
Alcuni considerano la Shekhinah come rappresentazione degli attributi femminili della presenza divina (dato che Shekhinah è un sostantivo di genere femminile in ebraico), basandosi specialmente su letture del Talmud.[11]
Manifestazione
La Shekhinah viene citata in tutta la letteratura rabbinica come manifesta nel Tabernacolo e nel Tempio di Gerusalemme. La si considera presente in atti di preghiera pubblica. Nella Mishnah il nome viene usato due volte: una volta da Rabbi Haninah ben Teradion (ca. 135): "Ae due sono assisi insieme e si scambiano parole della Torah, allora la Shekinah è tra loro"; e da Rabbi Halafta ben Dosa: "Se dieci uomini si siedono insieme e si occupano della Legge, la Shekinah dimora tra loro."[3] Anche nel Talmud Sanhedrin 39a si legge: "Ogniqualvolta dieci [persone] si riuniscono a pregare, allora la Shekinah si manifesta"; connota inoltre un retto giudizio ("quando tre siedono in qualità di giudici, la Shekinah è tra loro", Talmud Trattato Berachot 6a), ed una necessità personale ("La Shekinah dimora al capezzale dell'uomo infermo", Talmud Trattato Shabbat 12b; "Ovunque vennero esiliati, la Shekinah andò con loro", Talmud Trattato Megillah 29a).
Assenza del Tempio
Il Talmud espone una Baraita (tradizione orale) il Kohen Gadol (Sommo sacerdote) deve aspergere il sangue dell'offerta del toro sul Parochet (Velo del Tempio) che separa l'Echal (santuario) dal Kodesh Hakodashim (Santo dei Santi):[12]
- Un certo Sadduceo disse a Rabbi Chanina: Ora [che siete stati esiliati], sarete certamente impuri, poiché sta scritto: "La sua impurità è [visibile] nei lembi della sua veste." (Lamentazioni 1:9). Egli [Rabbi Chanina] gli rispose: Vieni a vedere cosa sta scritto su di loro: [La Tenda del convegno] che si trova fra di loro, in mezzo alle loro impurità. Anche quando sono impuri, la presenza divina sta tra loro.»
Fonti ebraiche
Bibbia ebraica
The noun shekina does not occur in the Hebrew Bible, although the verb shakan, and other terms from the root škn do occur. There is also no occurrence of the noun in pre-rabbinic literature such as the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is only afterwards in the targums and rabbinical literature that the Hebrew term shekinah, or Aramaic equivalent shekinta, is found, and then becomes extremely common.[13] McNamara (2010) considers that the absence might lead to the conclusion that the term only originated after the destruction of the temple in 70AD, but notes 2 Maccabees 14:35 "a temple for your habitation", where the Greek text (naon tes skenoseos) suggests a possible parallel understanding, and where the Greek noun skenosis may stand for Aramaic shekinta.[14]
Targum
In the Targum the addition of the noun term Shekinah paraphases Hebrew verb phrases such as Exodus 34:9 "let the Lord go among us" (a verbal expression of presence) which Targum paraphrases with God's "shekinah" (a noun form).[15] In the post-temple era usage of use of the term Shekinah may provide a solution to the problem of God being omnipresent and thus not dwelling in any one place.[16]
Talmud
The Talmud also says that "the Shekinah rests on man neither through gloom, nor through sloth, nor through frivolity, nor through levity, nor through talk, nor through idle chatter, but only through a matter of joy in connection with a precept, as it is said, But now bring me a minstrel. And it came to pass, when the minstrel played, that the hand of the Lord came upon him". [2Kings 3:15] [Shabbat 30b] [17]
The Shekinah is associated with the transformational spirit of God regarded as the source of prophecy:
And the spirit of the LORD will come mightily upon thee, and thou shalt prophesy with them, and shalt be turned into another man.»
The prophets made numerous references to visions of the presence of God, particularly in the context of the Tabernacle or Temple, with figures such as thrones or robes filling the Sanctuary, which have traditionally been attributed to the presence of the Shekinah. Isaiah wrote "I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne high and lifted up, and his train filled the Temple." (Isaiah 6:1). Jeremiah implored "Do not dishonor the throne of your glory" (Template:Bibleref2) and referred to "Thy throne of glory, on high from the beginning, Thy place of our sanctuary" (Template:Bibleref2). The Book of Ezekiel speaks of "the glory of the God of Israel was there [in the Sanctuary], according to the vision that I saw in the plain." (Ezekiel 8:4)Template:Fv
Significato nell'ebraismo chassidico
Hassidic Judaism regards the Kabbalah, in which the Shekinah has special significance, as having scriptural authority.[senza fonte] The word Matronit is also employed to represent this usage.[senza fonte]
La Sposa dello Shabbat
Questo tema ricorrente è meglio conosciuto tramite gli scritti e le canzoni del leggendario mistico del XVI secolo, Rabbi Isaac Luria. Qui appresso una citazione stralciata dall'inizio di un suo famosso inno allo Shabbat:[18]
Canto in inni
per accedere alle porte
del Campo
delle mele sacre.
Una nuova tavola
per Lei prepariamo,
un bel candelabro
la sua luce su di noi riverbera.
Tra destra e sinistra
la Sposa si avvicina,
in santi gioielli
ed abiti festivi...
Un paragrafo dello Zohar riporta: "Uno deve preparare un comodo seggio con molti cuscini e coperte ricamate, da tutto ciò che si trova in casa, come uno che prepari un baldacchino per la sposa. Poiché Shabbat è regina e sposa. Ecco perché i maestri della Mishnah solevano uscire alla vigilia dello Shabbat per riceverla in strada, e usavano dire: Vieni, O sposa, vieni, O sposa! E si deve cantare e rallegrarsi alla tavola in suo onore... Uno deve ricevere la Signora accendendo molte candele, con molta gioia, bei vestiti, e la casa abbellita da tanti ornamenti..."[19]
La tradizione della Shekhinah quale Sposa dello Shabbat, la Shabbat Kallah, continua tutt'oggi.[20]
Preghiere ebraiche
The 17th blessing of the daily Amidah prayer said in Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform services is "Blessed are You, God, who returns His Presence (shekinato) to Zion."
The Liberal Jewish prayer-book for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur (Machzor Ruach Chadashah) contains a creative prayer based on Avinu Malkeinu, in which the feminine noun Shekinah is used in the interests of gender neutrality.[21]
Canzone yiddish
Il concetto della Shekhinah viene anche associato al concetto dello Spirito Santo (Ruach haQodesh) nella tradizione ebraica, come si constata nella canzone yiddish: Vel ich, sh'chine tsu dir kummen – "Da te io, Shekinah, verrò".[22]
Cristianesimo
In addition to the various accounts indicating the presence or glory of God recorded in the Hebrew Bible, many Christians also consider the Shekinah to be manifest in numerous instances in the New Testament.
The public ___domain Easton's Bible Dictionary, published in 1897, says,
It is probable that after the entrance into Canaan this glory-cloud settled in the tabernacle upon the ark of the covenant in the most holy place. We have, however, no special reference to it till the consecration of the temple by Solomon, when it filled the whole house with its glory, so that the priests could not stand to minister (1 Kings 8:10–13; 2 Chr. 5:13, 14; 7:1–3). Probably it remained in the first temple in the holy of holies as the symbol of Jehovah’s presence so long as that temple stood. It afterwards disappeared.»
References to the Shekinah in Christianity often see the presence and the glory of the Lord as being synonymous,[23] as illustrated in the following verse from Exodus;
Signore
Spirito
The Shekinah in the New Testament is commonly equated to the presence or indwelling of the Spirit of the Lord (generally referred to as the Holy Spirit, or Spirit of Christ) in the believer, drawing parallels to the presence of God in Solomon's Temple. In contradistinction with the Old Testament where the Holy of Holies signified the presence of God, from the New Testament onwards, it is the Holy Spirit that reminds us of God's abiding presence. Furthermore, in the same manner that the Shekinah is linked to prophecy in Judaism, so it is in Christianity:
Gloria
Where references are made to the Shekinah as manifestations of the glory of the Lord associated with his presence, Christians find numerous occurrences in the New Testament in both literal (as in Luke 2:9 which refers to the "glory of the Lord" shining on the shepherds at Jesus' birth)[24] as well as spiritual forms (as in John 17:22, where Jesus speaks to God of giving the "glory" that God gave to him to the people).[25] A contrast can be found in the Book of Samuel where it is said that Ichabod, meaning "inglorious," was given his name because he was born on the day the Ark of the Covenant was captured by the Philistines: "The glory is departed from Israel" (1 Samuel 4:22 KJV).
Presenza divina
Islam
La Shekhinah, in arabo سكينة? sakīnah, viene citata sei volte nel Quran, nei capitoli 2, 9 e 48.[26]
Their prophet said to them: "The sign of his kingship is that the Ark will come to you in which there is tranquility from your Lord and a relic from the family of Moses and the family of Aaron, borne by the angels.
Al-Qurtubi mentions in his famous exegesis, in explanation of the above-mentioned verse, that according to Wahb ibn Munabbih, Sakinah is a spirit from God that speaks, and, in the case of the Israelites, where people disagreed on some issue, this spirit came to clarify the situation, and used to be a cause of victory for them in wars. According to Ali, "Sakinah is a sweet breeze/wind, whose face is like the face of a human". Mujahid mentions that "when Sakinah glanced at an enemy, they were defeated", and ibn Atiyyah mentions about the Ark of the Covenant (at-Tabut), to which the Sakina was associated, that souls found therein peace, warmth, companionship and strength.
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri says in his Sahih Muslim, that a certain man (during the time of Muhammad), was reciting the sura al-Kahf from the Quran by his tethered horse, and as he was reciting, a cloud engulfed him, which was encircling and descending, whose sight caused his horse to jump and move, and so when morning came he went to Muhammad and informed him of what occurred, to which Muhammad replied that it was the Sakinah that descended for the Quran.[senza fonte]
According to Sunni traditions, when Muhammad was persecuted in Mecca and the time came for him to emigrate to Madinah (Medina), he took temporary refuge with his companion Abu Bakr in the cave of Thawr. Seeking to be hidden from the Makkans who were looking for him, it was at Thawr where God brought down His sakina over them, protecting them from their enemies. According to Sufism, it was at Thawr that Abu Bakr was blessed with divine secrets whose transmission from him to the latter generations formed the Naqshbandi path of Sufism. It was this experience that led the second Caliph Umar to say that all the good Umar did cannot stand as an equivalent to Abu Bakr's sole virtue of companionship with Muhammad at the Thawr cave.
Muhammed's grandson Hussein ibn Ali named one of his daughters Sakina. She tragically perished in a Syrian prison during the imprisonment of Hussein's family members, mostly women and children, who survived the Battle of Karbala. She was the first person in the history of Islam to have been given the name Sakinah. It is currently a popular female name in most Islamic cultures.
Studi contemporanei
Raphael Patai
In the work by anthropologist Raphael Patai entitled The Hebrew Goddess, the author argues that the term Shekinah refers to a goddess by comparing and contrasting scriptural and medieval Jewish Kabbalistic source materials. Patai draws a historic distinction between the Shekinah and the Matronit.
In the bestselling thriller The Torah Codes by Ezra Barany, the storyline refers to the Shekinah as a goddess and one of the characters is even named Patai. In the appendix are essays by Rabbi Shefa Gold, Zvi Bellin, and Tania Schweig about the Shekinah.[27]
Religione comparativa
- The Qur'an mentions the Sakina, or Tranquility, referring to God's blessing of solace and succour upon both the Children of Israel and Muhammad. Interestingly, Sakina, or Sakina bint Husayn, was also the name of the youngest female child of Husayn ibn Ali, ostensibly the first girl in recorded history to be given the name.
- "Shekinah", often in plural, is also present in some gnostic writings written in Aramaic, such as the writings of the Manichaeans and the Mandaeans, as well as others. In these writings, shekinas are described as hidden aspects of God, somewhat resembling the Amahrāspandan of the Zoroastrians.[28]
Gustav Davidson
American poet Gustav Davidson listed Shekinah as an entry in his reference work A Dictionary of Angels, Including the Fallen Angels, (1967), stating that she is the female incarnation of Metatron.
Davidiani
Lois Roden, whom the original Davidiani (Branch Davidians in inglese), setta religiosa avventista, acknowledged as their teacher/prophet from 1978 to 1986, laid heavy emphasis on women's spirituality and the feminine aspect of God. She published a magazine, Shekinah, often rendered SHEkinah, in which she explored the concept that the Shekinah is the Holy Spirit. Articles from Shekinah are reprinted online at the Branch Davidian website.[29]
Note
- ^ Illustrazione da The Bible and Its Story Taught by One Thousand Picture Lessons, Charles F. Horne & Julius A. Bewer (curatori), 1908.
- ^ (EN) Jewish Philosophy: An Historical Introduction, A&C Black, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8264-9244-9.
- ^ a b c Martin McNamara, Targum and Testament Revisited: Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2ª ed. 2010 pp. 148-149.
- ^ Cit. "Ciascun uccello nidifica [shekinot] con la sua specie, e l'essere umano col suo simile", Talmud Baba Kammah 92b.
- ^ "Se [devi scegliere tra] un vicino e uno studioso, preferisci lo studioso" Talmud Ketubot 85b.
- ^ Salmi 132:5, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
- ^ Numeri 24:5, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
- ^ Unterman, Alan, Rivka G. Horwitz, Joseph Dan, & Sharon Faye Koren, "Shekhinah", in M. Berenbaum & F. Skolnik (curatori), Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2ª ed., Vol. 18, Macmillan Reference, 2007, pp. 440-444.
- ^ Matteo 18:20, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
- ^ Neal DeRoo, John Panteleimon Manoussakis, Phenomenology and Eschatology: Not Yet in the Now By, Ashgate, 2009, p.27.
- ^ Ronald L. Eisenberg, The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions, Jewish Publication Society, 2004. ISBN 0-8276-0760-1
- ^ Talmud Trattato Yoma 56b.
- ^ Martin McNamara Targum and Testament Revisited: Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible 0802862756 2010 p.148 "Whereas the verb shakan and terms from the root škn occur in the Hebrew Scriptures, and while the term shekinah/shekinta is extremely common in rabbinic literature and the targums, no occurrence of it is attested in pre-rabbinic literature."
- ^ McNamara (2010) p148.
- ^ Paul V.M. Flesher, Bruce D. Chilton The Targums: A Critical Introduction 900421769X 2011 - Page 45 "The first comprises the use of the term “Shekinah” (.....) which is usually used to speak of God's presence in Israel's worship. The Hebrew text of Exodus 34:9, for instance, has Moses pray, “let the Lord go among us” which Targum ..."
- ^ Carol A. Dray Studies on Translation and Interpretation in the Targum to ... 9004146989 2006 - Page 153 "The use of the term Shekinah, as has been noted previously,61 appears to provide a solution to the problem of God being omnipresent and thus unable to dwell in any one place. This is not the only occasion in TJ Kings when the Targumist ..."
- ^ Gershom Scholem, La figura mistica della divinità: Studi sui concetti fondamentali della Qabbalah, cur. Elisabetta Zevi, Adelphi (ediz. digitale), 2015, Cap. 3.
- ^ Libera traduzione dalla versione (EN) – cfr. anche Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Sabbath, Shambhala Library, 2003, Cap. 2.6.
- ^ Sullo Shabbat e la relativa preparazione a riceverlo, si veda "Shabbat" e "Shabbat - Heaven on Earth", su Aish.com; per le canzoni dello Shabat qui[1]
- ^ "Here Comes the Bride, No Stress in Sight", su Aish.com
- ^ (English, Hebrew) Rabbis Drs. Andrew Goldstein & Charles H Middleburgh (a cura di), Machzor Ruach Chadashah, Liberal Judaism, 2003, p. 137. Lingua sconosciuta: English e Hebrew (aiuto)
- ^ Ruth Rubin, Voices of a people: the story of Yiddish folksong, University of Illinois Press, 1979, p. 234
- ^ Zechariah and Jewish Renewal Fred P. Miller
- ^ Acclamations of the Birth of Christ, by J. Hampton Keathley, III, Th.M. at bible.org (retrieved 13 August 2006
- ^ The King of Glory, by Richard L. Strauss at bible.org (retrieved 13 August 2006)
- ^ 2/248 9/26, 9/40, 48/4, 48/18, 48/26.
- ^ Barany, Ezra. The Torah Codes. Dafkah Books, 2011, pp. 349–366.
- ^ Jonas, Hans, The Gnostic Religion, 1958, p. 98.
- ^ General Association of Branch Davidian Seventh-Day Adventists, page found 2010-09-14.
Bibliografia
- (EN) Monozigote/Sandbox3, in Jewish Encyclopedia, New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1901-1906.
- Busi, Giulio. Simboli del pensiero ebraico, Torino, Einaudi, 1999
- Dennis, Geoffrey. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic, and Mysticism (Llewellyn Worldwide, 2007)
- Green, Arthur. Shekhinàh in Queste sono le parole, Firenze, Giuntina, 2002, pp. 61–62; e Sefiròt, ivi, pp. 56 – 59
- Idel, Moshe. Kabbalah: New Perspectives, Yale University Press, 1988 (trad. italiana Qabbalah. Nuove prospettive, Milano, Adelphi, n. ed. 2010)
- Scholem, Gershom. Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and Talmudic Tradition, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 2ª ed., 1965
- _________ . Origins of the Kabbalah, Princeton University Press, 1991
- _________ . Von der mystischen Gestalt der Gottheit, Zurigo, 1962 (trad. inglese On the Mystical Shape of the Godhead, New York, 1991; trad. italiana La figura mistica della divinità: Studi sui concetti fondamentali della Qabbalah, Adelphi, 2010, Cap. 3)
- Solomon, Norman. Torah From Heaven. The Recostruction of Faith, Littman Library, 2012
Voci correlate
Collegamenti esterni
- (EN) "Hymn to the Sabbath" di Rabbi Isaac Luria, cabalista del XVI sec.
- (EN) "The Autiot of the Shekinah" del cabalista francese Carlo Suares (1892–1976)
- (EN) "Shekinah Retreat Centre", centro biblico mennonita, a Saskatchewan, (Canada)
- (EN) "Shekinah", voce della Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)]
- (EN) "The Worship of the Shekhinah in Early Kabbalah" di Tzahi Weiss, su academia.edu
- "La radice ebraica dello Spirito Santo" di Lea Sestrieri, su vatican.va
- "Dalla Shekinah alla Trinità", di Cristiana Dobner, su mondodomani.org (maggio 2011)
