Bambassi (native name: Màwés Aasʼè[2]) is an Omotic Afroasiatic language spoken in Ethiopia around the towns of Bambasi and Didessa in the area east of Asosa in Benishangul-Gumuz Region.[3] The parent language group is the East Mao group. Alternative names for the language are Bambeshi, Siggoyo, Amam, Fadiro, Northern Mao, Didessa and Kere.
| Bambassi | |
|---|---|
| Mawes Aasse | |
| Native to | Ethiopia |
| Region | in Benishangul-Gumuz Region, east of Asosa |
Native speakers | 2,300 (2011)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | myf |
| Glottolog | bamb1262 |
| ELP | Mao of Bambeshi |
The most current information on the number of Bambassi speakers is not known, as the 2007 census grouped the Mao languages together, despite low lexical similarity. 33,683 mother tongue speakers of Maogna (covering Bambassi, Hozo and Seze) were listed.[4]
Similarities
editBambassi has a 31% lexical similarity with other Omotic languages.
Phonology
editBambassi has 5 vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/. The vowels have lengthened forms, and Bambassi has contrastive vowel length.[5]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | g | |||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | |||
| Affricate | t͡sʼ | (t͡ʃ) | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | h | ||
| voiced | z | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
Orthography
editVowels and tones
edit- a - [a]
- aa - [aː]
- e - [e]
- ee - [eː]
- i - [i]
- ii - [iː]
- o - [o]
- oo - [oː]
- u - [u]
- uu - [uː]
- á - high tone
- a - middle tone
- à - low tone
Consonants
edit- b - [b]
- c' - [t͡s']
- ch - [t͡ʃ]
- d - [d]
- g - [g]
- h - [h]
- k - [k]
- k' - [k']
- l - [l]
- m - [m]
- n - [n]
- ng - [ŋ]
- p - [p/f/ɸ]
- p' - [p']
- r - [ɾ]
- s - [s]
- sh - [ʃ]
- t - [t]
- t' - [t']
- w - [w]
- y - [j]
- z - [z]
Morphology
editThis section gives information about different word types in the Bambassi language and how they relate to each other. It splits up in nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and numbers and will give information about tense, aspect and mood.
Nouns
editNouns in Northern Mao can be marked as singular, plural or dual. Dual and plural number are marked with specific suffixes, dual /-kuw/ and plural /-(w)ol/ (-> segmental morphology). In the singular number nouns have a zero morpheme. Nouns also usually agree with their quantifiers, e.g. numerals. In the citation form nouns, pronouns, demonstratives and verbal infinitives end with the vowel /-e/.
Example:
| Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| es-ìʃ | es-kuw-iʃ | es-ol-iʃ |
| person-SBJ | person-DU-SBJ | person-PL-SBJ |
| a person | two people | people |
Adjectives
editA separate word class of adjectives in Northern Mao hasn't yet been identified. The speakers use nominalizations, verbs or deverbal nouns to modify nouns. As in other African languages, the Bambassi language only has separate words for four basic colors which are expressed as verbs: black, white, red and blue. Other colors are expressed as metaphors and nominal constructions.
This is also the case to express dimension or value. We have verbs like 'be old', 'be small', 'be big', 'be good' and 'be bad'. They are always combined with a relative or associative construction.
Example:
tí-ŋ paːlt’-nà ha-nok-á
1SG-GEN girl-OBJ AFF-be.good-DECL
‘My girl (daughter) is good.’ [8]
Pronouns
editNorthern Mao knows personal, possessive and interrogative pronouns.
Personal pronouns
editThe following table shows an overview of the personal pronouns in Northern Mao each in the citation form with the terminal vowel /-e/, the subject, object case and genitive case.
| Citation form | Subject Case | Object Case | Genitive Case | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 SG |
|
tí-ʃ | tí-ná | tí-ŋ |
| 2 SG |
|
hì-ʃ | hì-nà | hì-ŋ |
| 3 SG |
|
íʃ-ìʃ, í-té | íʃ-nà | íʃ-ìŋ |
| 1 DU |
|
han-íʃ | hán-ná | han-íŋ |
| 2 DU |
|
háw-íʃ | háw-ná | háw-ìŋ |
| 3 DU |
|
íʃkuw-iʃ | íʃkuw-na | íʃkuw-ìŋ |
| 1 PL |
|
hambèl-ìʃ, ham-té | hambèl-là, ham-tá | hambèl-ìŋ |
| 2 PL |
|
hàwèl-ìʃ, hàw-té | hàwèl-là, hàw-tá | hàwèl-ìŋ |
| 3 PL |
|
íʃkol-ìʃ, íʃkol-té | íʃkol-là, íʃkol-tá | íʃkol-ìŋ |
Possessive pronouns
edit| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | /tí/ | /han/ | /íʃ/ |
| Second | /hì/ | /háw/ | /íʃkuw/ |
| Third | /íʃ/ | /hàw/ | /íʃkol/ |
Interrogative pronouns
edit| citation form
with terminal vowel |
subject case | object case | genitive case | comitative/instrumental | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| human | kí-jé 'who' | kí-ʃ 'who' | kí-ná 'whom' | kí-ŋ 'whose' | kí-ján 'with whom' |
| non-human | kó-jé 'what' | kó-ʃ 'what' | kó-ná 'what' | kó-ŋ 'what's' | kó-wán 'with what' |
Adverbs
editMàwés Aasʼè has adverbs of time, manner and ___location. They can modify clauses or verbs. Some of them are listed in the following:
hóllá - 'now'
kwalla - 'yesterday'
háʦʼà - 'tomorrow'
wó - 'like this'
pàtʼwáne - 'again'
hòʃkján - 'only'
zèːpʼés - 'together'
ʃené - 'before'
bekʼà - 'end' [12]
Postposition
editNorthern Mao knows two different types of postposition, the ___location/source and the instrument/comitative postposition. To express ___location or source you use the postposition /-et(a)/, for instrument or comitative the postposition /-an/.
Example:
(1) tí-ŋ ↓kjat’-èt háːl-↓á
1SG-GEN house-LOC sleep-DECL
‘S/he slept at my house.’
(2) bàmbàs-ét ha-tí-kí-↓á
Bambassi-SOURCE AFF-1SG-come-DECL
‘I came from Bambassi.’
(3) kús-án ha-mí-↓á
hand-INS AFF-eat-DECL
‘S/he ate by hand.’
(4) rám-àn sùk’-ná ha-tí-hów-j-↓á
Rama-COM store-OBJ AFF-1SG-go-AWAY-DECL
‘I went to the store with Rama.’
Verbs
edit[edit]
In the Bambassi language we find three oppositions affecting the structure of verb forms, namely the infinitive and the finite verb forms, the realis and irrealis forms and final and non-final forms.
Starting with the irrealis and realis verb forms, the following table summarizes the most important aspects:
| Realis | Irrealis |
|---|---|
| subject prefixes | subject suffixes |
| affirmative polarity | negative polarity, future tense |
| lots of aspectual distinctions | not many aspectual distinctions |
| nine aspectual categories | clear aspectual distinction only perfect combined with future tense |
The nine aspectual categories on realis verbs are: a perfect with /-ti/, a perfect with /-kòt'/, a past habitual with /-òw/, a non past-habitual formed by reduplication and auxiliary, a progressive present, a progressive past, a completive aspect, a durative and an iterative/continuative.
Numbers
editNorthern Mao number system is a 10-base-system. Numbers 11-19 are formed from parts of kú:sé "hand" and túget "foot".
| 1 | hiʃkì | 6 | kja:nsè |
| 2 | numbo | 7 | kúlùmbo |
| 3 | te:zè | 8 | kute:zé |
| 4 | meʦ'e | 9 | kúsméʦ'é |
| 5 | k'wíssí | 10 | kú:sú |
| 11 | kú:s-g-ét-iʃkì | 16 | kú:s-g-ét-kja:nsè |
| 12 | kú:s-g-ét-numbo | 17 | kú:s-g-ét-kúlùmbo |
| 13 | kú:s-g-ét-te:zè | 18 | kú:s-g-ét-kúre:zé |
| 14 | kú:s-g-ét-meʦ'e | 19 | kú:s-g-ét-kúsméʦ'è |
| 15 | kú:s-g-ét-k'wíssí | 20 | numbo-ku:se |
| 10 | kú:sú | 60 | kja:nsè-ku:se |
| 20 | numbo-ku:se | 70 | kúlùmbò-ku:se |
| 30 | te:zè-ku:se | 80 | kúre:zé-ku:se |
| 40 | meʦ'e-ku:se | 90 | kúsméʦ'è-ku:se |
| 50 | k'wíssí-ku:se | 100 | kú:s-ku:se |
200 numbo-ku:s-an kú:s-án [15]
Morphosyntaxe
editWord order
editThe usual word order in the Bambassi language is subject - object - verb, the verb comes last. The following sentences are given as an example:
(1) íʃ es-ìʃ ʃóːʃ-ná ha-pí-↓á
DEF person-SBJ snake-OBJ AFF-kill-DECL
‘The person killed a snake.’
(2) múnts’-ìʃ p’iʃ-(na) ha-kaːm-á
woman-SBJ child-OBJ AFF-love-DECL
‘A woman loved a child.’ [8]
Notes
edit- ^ "Màwés Aasʼè". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-08-01.
- ^ Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9.
- ^ Bambassi language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Ethiopia 2007 Census
- ^ Michael, Ahland (2012). A Grammar of Northern Mao (Màwés Aas'è) (Thesis). University of Oregon.
- ^ "Bambassi language and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ Ahland, Michael (2012). A grammar of Northern Mao (Màwés Aas'è). pp. 193–197.
- ^ a b Ahland, Michael (2012). A grammar of Northern Mao (Màwés Aas'è). pp. 233–237.
- ^ Ahland, Michael (2023). 42 Northern Mao (Màwés Aatsʼè), In: The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages. p. 1016.
- ^ Ahland, Michael (2023). 42 Northern Mao (Màwés Aatsʼè), In: The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages. p. 1016.
- ^ Ahland, Michael (2012). A grammar of Northern Mao (Màwés Aas'è). p. 260.
- ^ Ahland, Michael (2023). 42 Northern Mao (Màwés Aatsʼè), In: The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages. pp. 1019–1022. ISBN 9780198728542.
- ^ Ahland, Michael (2012). A grammar of Northern Mao (Màwés Aas'è). pp. 330–332.
- ^ Ahland, Michael (2023). 42 Northern Mao (Màwés Aatsʼè), In: The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages. pp. 1017–1018.
- ^ Ahland, Michael (2012). A grammar of Northern Mao (Màwés Aas'è). pp. 295–299.
Further reading
edit- Ahland, Michael. 2009. "Aspects of Northern Mao (Bambassi-Diddesa) phonology."Linguistic Discovery 7: 1-42.
- Alemayehu Dumessa. 2007. Word Formation in Diddessa Mao. Addis Ababa University, MA thesis. Web access
- Wedekind, Charlotte, Klaus Wedekind and Ralph Siebert. 2002. "Third S.L.L.E. survey on languages of the Begi/Asosa area.", SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-056