Bugula is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.[1][2]
Bugula | |
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The nudibranch Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960 feeding on Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Bryozoa |
Class: | Gymnolaemata |
Order: | Cheilostomatida |
Family: | Bugulidae |
Genus: | Bugula Oken, 1815 |
Distribution
editThe native distribution of Bugula neritina is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels.[1] It is considered an invasive species in some countries.
Bugula neritina
editBugula neritina attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell's anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe.[3] In 2001 pharmaceutical company GPC Biotech licensed Bryostatin 1 from Arizona State University for commercial development as a treatment for cancer. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects.[4] More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of Alzheimers with few side effects.[5]
Other uses
editDried Bugula are commonly used as decorations:
"Air fern", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan Bugula that have been artificially coloured.[6]
However, Sertularia argentea are also sold as "air ferns."[7]
Species
edit- Bugula alba Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula apsteini Hasenbank, 1932
- Bugula aspinosa Liu, 1984
- Bugula biota Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula capensis Waters, 1887
- Bugula ceylonensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula crosslandi Hastings, 1939
- Bugula decipiens Hayward, 1981
- Bugula expansa Hastings, 1939
- Bugula fastigiata Dalyell, 1847
- Bugula fastigiata Kluge, 1929
- Bugula gautieri Ryland, 1962
- Bugula gnoma Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula hessei Hasenbank, 1932
- Bugula ingens Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula intermedia Liu, 1984
- Bugula longissima Busk, 1884
- Bugula lophodendron Ortmann, 1890
- Bugula migottoi Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula miniatella Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula minima Waters, 1909
- Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Bugula neritinoides Hastings, 1939
- Bugula orientalis Liu, 1984
- Bugula paternostrae Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula philippsae Harmer, 1926
- Bugula prismatica (Gray, 1843)
- Bugula protensa Hayward, 1981
- Bugula providensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula robusta MacGillivray, 1869
- Bugula robustoides Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula rochae Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula scaphoides Kirkpatrick, 1890
- Bugula scaphula Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001
- Bugula simpliciformis Osburn, 1932
- Bugula solorensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula subglobosa Harmer, 1926
- Bugula tschukotkensis Kluge, 1952
- Bugula tsunamiensis McCuller, Carlton & Geller, 2018
- Bugula umbelliformis Yanagi & Okada, 1918
- Bugula vectifera Harmer, 1926
- Former species
- Bugula angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816) now classified as Bugulina angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816)
- Bugula aperta (Hincks, 1886) now classified as Crisularia aperta (Hincks, 1886)
- Bugula aquilirostris Ryland, 1960 now classified as Bugulina aquilirostris (Ryland, 1960)
- Bugula avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758) now classified as Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Bugula bengalensis Rao & Ganapati, 1974 now classified as Crisularia bengalensis (Rao & Ganapati, 1974)
- Bugula bicornis Busk, 1884 now classified as Camptoplites bicornis (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula borealis (Packard, 1863) now classified as Bugulina borealis (Packard, 1863)
- Bugula bowiei Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 now classified as Crisularia bowiei (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
- Bugula calathus Norman, 1868 now classified as Bugulina calathus (Norman, 1868)
- Bugula californica Robertson, 1905 now classified as Bugulina californica (Robertson, 1905)
- Bugula carvalhoi Marcus, 1949 now classified as Bugulina carvalhoi (Marcus, 1949)
- Bugula cucullata Busk, 1867 now classified as Crisularia cucullata (Busk, 1867)
- Bugula cucullifera Osburn, 1912 now classified as Crisularia cucullifera (Osburn, 1912)
- Bugula cuspidata Hastings, 1943 now classified as Crisularia cuspidata (Hastings, 1943)
- Bugula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816) now classified as Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816)
- Bugula dispar Harmer, 1926 now classified as Crisularia dispar (Harmer, 1926)
- Bugula ditrupae Busk, 1858 now classified as Bugulina ditrupae (Busk, 1858)
- Bugula eburnea Calvet, 1906 now classified as Bugulina eburnea (Calvet, 1906)
- Bugula elongata Nordgaard, 1906 now classified as Dendrobeania decorata (Verrill, 1879)
- Bugula flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848) now classified as Bugulina flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848)
- Bugula foliolata Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 now classified as Bugulina foliolata (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
- Bugula fulva Ryland, 1960 now classified as Bugulina fulva (Ryland, 1960)
- Bugula germanae (Calvet, 1902) now classified as Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
- Bugula gracilis Busk, 1858 now classified as Crisularia gracilis (Busk, 1858)
- Bugula grayi Maturo, 1966 now classified as Crisularia grayi (Maturo, 1966)
- Bugula guara Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012 now classified as Crisularia guara (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
- Bugula harmsworthi Waters, 1900 now classified as Crisularia harmsworthi (Waters, 1900)
- Bugula hyadesi Jullien, 1888 now classified as Crisularia hyadesi (Jullien, 1888)
- Bugula japonica now classified as Dendrobeania japonica (Ortmann, 1890)
- Bugula johnstonae (Gray, 1843) now classified as Halophila johnstonae Gray, 1843
- Bugula leontodon Busk, 1884 now classified as Himantozoum leontodon (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula longicauda Harmer, 1926 now classified as Halophila longicauda (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula longirostrata Robertson, 1905 now classified as Bugulina longirostrata (Robertson, 1905)
- Bugula marcusi Maturo, 1966 now classified as Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966)
- Bugula margaritifera Busk, 1884 now classified as Himantozoum margaritiferum (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula microoecia Osburn, 1914 now classified as Crisularia microoecia (Osburn, 1914)
- Bugula mirabilis Busk, 1884 now classified as Himantozoum mirabilis (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula mollis Harmer, 1926 now classified as Crisularia mollis (Harmer, 1926)
- Bugula multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841) now classified as Bugulina multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841)
- Bugula nana Androsova, 1977 now classified as Crisularia nana (Androsova, 1977)
- Bugula pacifica Robertson, 1905 now classified as Crisularia pacifica (Robertson, 1905)
- Bugula pedata Harmer, 1926 now classified as Bugulina pedata (Harmer, 1926)
- Bugula plumosa (Pallas, 1766) now classified as Crisularia plumosa (Pallas, 1766)
- Bugula prenanti Castric-Fey, 1971 now classified as Crisularia prenanti (Castric-Fey, 1971)
- Bugula pugeti Robertson, 1905 now classified as Bugulina pugeti (Robertson, 1905)
- Bugula purpurotincta Norman, 1868 now classified as Crisularia purpurotincta (Norman, 1868)
- Bugula reticulata Busk, 1884 now classified as Camptoplites reticulatus (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula rylandi Maturo, 1966 now classified as Crisularia rylandi (Maturo, 1966)
- Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816) now classified as Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
- Bugula simplex Hincks, 1886 now classified as Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886)
- Bugula sinuosa Busk, 1884 now classified as Himantozoum sinuosum (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula spicata (Hincks, 1886) now classified as Bugulina spicata (Hincks, 1886)
- Bugula stolonifera Ryland, 1960 now classified as Bugulina stolonifera (Ryland, 1960)
- Bugula tricuspis Kluge, 1955 now classified as Bugulina tricuspis (Kluge, 1955)
- Bugula turbinata Alder, 1857 now classified as Bugulina turbinata (Alder, 1857)
- Bugula turrita (Desor, 1848) now classified as Crisularia turrita (Desor, 1848)
- Bugula versicolor Busk, 1884 now classified as Semidendrobeania versicolor (Busk, 1884)
References
edit- ^ a b "Bugula neritina". exoticsguide.org. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02
- ^ Harford, B The Bryostatins' Tale Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 89, No 43 PP. 10 - 17 Oct 24, 2011 accessed Dec 19, 2017
- ^ "Bryostatin 1". 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
- ^ Nelsen et al., JT Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017
- ^ Frank K. McKinney. "The Bryozoa". International Bryozoology Association. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). Sertularia argentea Linnaeus, 1758. [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.
- Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333
- Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea). Zoologica Scripta
External links
edit- Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce
- Introduced Marine Species of Hawai'i
- Exotics Guide - Bugula neritina
Data related to Bugula at Wikispecies