Submission declined on 17 August 2025 by WeirdNAnnoyed (talk).
Where to get help
How to improve a draft
You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Editor resources
|  |
Comment: No solid evidence this particular computational model is notable. The sources are all discussing various research projects or applications of Virtual Population, not Virtual Population itself. Secondary coverage of the subject itself is needed. WeirdNAnnoyed (talk) 13:06, 17 August 2025 (UTC)
The Virtual Population (ViP) is a collection of anatomical computational models of humans and animals created through a collaboration between the Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), a research institute in Zurich, Switzerland and the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). The models are used in computational simulations of biological tissues and are incorporated into the Sim4Life computational simulation developed by ZMT Zurich MedTech AG[1] in partnership with IT'IS.
Overview
editThe Virtual Population (ViP) models are used in research across a range of scientific and medical disciplines. The models enable simulations of physical interactions between biological tissues and electromagnetic (EM) devices and are applied in areas such as wireless technology testing, medical device evaluation, radiological safety studies, and tissue engineering. The collection includes whole-body computational phantoms, models of specific human body regions, and phantoms of animals and animal tissues from species commonly used in medical research.
The IT’IS Foundation also maintains a database of tissue properties containing published values for EM, thermal, fluid, acoustic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of biological tissues. The database is regularly updated and can be used with the Sim4Life simulation software platform to assign tissue parameter values to the ViP models.
Development
editThe development of the ViP models began with four surface-based, anatomically detailed whole-body human models: a 34-year-old male, a 26-year-old female, an 11-year-old girl, and a 6-year-old boy, originally called the Virtual Family, were created for evaluating EM exposure of humans in different age groups and body types.[2] The "Version 1.x" models were derived from high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of healthy volunteers and were made available to the scientific community free-of-charge.[3]
Later developments produced higher-resolution, multi-organ models and expanded the Virtual Family into the Virtual Population, which includes models of both sexes ranging in age from 5 to 84 years old.[4] The enhanced models are used to evaluate the safety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including assessments of medical implant safety.[5]
The ViP models were later upgraded with a physics-based posture adjustment method, implemented in Sim4Life, that uses finite element method (FEM) simulations to treat the body as a deformable hyperelastic material with rigid bones. Another enhancement introduced morphable models, allowing simulation of weight gain or loss through changes in the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Adjustments to SAT volume deform surrounding tissues while maintaining constraints from rigid bones, enabling variation in the body mass index (BMI) of the models.[6]
Some applications in computational life sciences use high-precision models of specific organs. In collaboration with the US FDA, the IT’IS Foundation developed the MIDA,[7][8] a detailed computational anatomical model of the human head and neck, as well as four additional head models – known as the IXI Head Models – segmented from the IXI dataset,[9] a public multi-modal MRI collection. These models include detailed representations of eyes, deep brain structures, scalp layers, blood vessels, and salivary glands. The ViP hand library consists of 12 computational right-hand models of different sizes and ages extracted from the full-body ViP models. The Ella Breast Coil model is a modified version of the "Ella" model used in applications, such as safety assessments and the design of specialized MRI coils. The IT'IS Foundation also hosts the Breast Tumor Patient Models (BTPM) Repository, containing 22 breast models developed at the Erasmus University Medical Center, segmented into 6 tissue typess: skin, bone, muscle, tumor, fibroglandular tissue, and fat.[10]
Korean Virtual Population models – male model "Jeduk" and female model "Yoon-sun" – were developed by the IT’IS Foundation and the Visible Korean Human (VKH) project[11] as part of the Swiss-Korean collaborative project NEUROMAN: Functionalized Anatomical Models for Studying EM-Neuronal Dynamic Interactions.[12] The VKH models, which are derived from serial cryosections of whole cadavers, producing cross-sectional slices that are compiled into three-dimensional images, were developed for in silico studies of neuronal interactions with EM fields and include detailed nerve segmentations. The ViP model "Eddie" is also based on high-resolution cryosection images, obtained from the Visible Human Project of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM).
The IT'IS Foundation also hosts computational anatomical models developed by other researchers.[13]
ViP human models
editThe specifications of the full-body human models are listed here.
| Model | Sex | Age (y) | Height (m)1 | Weight (kg)1 | BMI (kg/m²)1 |
| Duke | male | 34 | 1.77 | 70.2 | 22.4 |
| Ella | female | 26 | 1.63 | 57.3 | 21.6 |
| Billie | female | 11 | 1.49 | 34.0 | 15.3 |
| Thelonious | male | 6 | 1.16 | 18.6 | 13.8 |
| Glenn | male | 84 | 1.73 | 61.1 | 20.4 |
| Fats | male | 37 | 1.82 | 119 | 36 |
| Louis | male | 14 | 1.68 | 49.7 | 17.6 |
| Eartha | female | 8 | 1.36 | 29.9 | 16.2 |
| Dizzy | male | 8 | 1.37 | 25.3 | 13.5 |
| Roberta | female | 5 | 1.09 | 17.8 | 14.9 |
| Nina2 | female | 3 | 0.92 | 13.9 | 16.4 |
| Charlie2 | female | 8 weeks | N/A | 4.3 | N/A |
| Pregnant woman I2,3 | N/A | 3 months (in utero) | N/A | 0.015 | N/A |
| Pregnant woman II2,3 | N/A | 7 months (in utero) | N/A | 1.4 | N/A |
| Pregnant woman III2,3 | female | 9 months (in utero) | N/A | 2.7 | N/A |
| Jeduk | male | 33 | 1.62 | 64.5 | 24.6 |
| Yoon-sun | female | 26 | 1.52 | 54.6 | 23.6 |
| Eddie | male | 38 | 1.81 | 106.0 | 32.4 |
1 Height, weight, and BMI values are based on the latest versions of the models and of the tissue properties database. 2 These models are available only as Version 1.x. 3 The pregnant woman models are based on the Ella model; the specifications listed are those of the fetus.
Animal models
editIn addition to human computational models, the IT'IS Foundation developed the Virtual Zoo (ViZoo) – a collection of high-resolution anatomical animal models created from MRI or cryosection image data. These computational animal phantoms are used in in silico biophysical simulations to reproduce and analyze results from in vivo animal experiments, with the aim of reducing the use of laboratory animals. The ViZoo models include mouse and rat models of both sexes at various developmental stages, a male pig, and a female Rhesus macaque (developed as part of the NEUROMAN project). A special rat model with neuro-functionalized nerve trajectories – known as the "NeuroRat" – has also been released.
| Name | Sex | Type | Length (mm, without tail) | Weight (g) |
| "Miss Able" Female Monkey | female | Rhesus macaque | 740 | 4900 |
| Male Pig | male | Domestic Pig | 977 | 35000 |
| NeuroRat | male | Dark Agouti | 150 | 150 |
| Big Male Rat | male | Sprague Dawley | 260 | 567 |
| Small Male Rat | male | Sprague Dawley | 185 | 198 |
| Female Rat with Tumors | female | Sprague Dawley | 225 | 503 |
| Pregnant Rat | female | Sprague Dawley | 170 | 275 |
| Rat Pup | undefined | Sprague Dawley | 93 (with tail) | 14.3 |
| Male PIM1 Mouse | male | PIM1 | 98 | 44.7 |
| Male OF1 Mouse | male | OF1 | 95 | 35.5 |
| Female OF1 Mouse | female | OF1 | 78 | 17.3 |
| Pregnant Mouse | female | B6C3F1 | 72 | 28.7 |
| "Diggy" Male Nude Normal Mouse | male | Nude Normal | 86 | 28 |
| Pregnant Mouse | female | C57BL/6N | 160 | 38 |
| 3 Week Male Mouse | male | B6C3F1 | 70 | 12.3 |
| 12 Week Female Mouse | female | B6C3F1 | 80 | 22.3 |
| 12 Week Male Mouse | male | B6C3F1 | 90 | 27.4 |
References
edit- ^ "In Silico We Trust". ZMT Zurich MedTech. 15 August 2025. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
- ^ Christ, Andreas; Kainz, Wolfgang; Hahn, Eckhart G.; Honegger, Katharina; Zefferer, Marcel; Neufeld, Esra; Rascher, Wolfgang; Janka, Rolf; Bautz, Werner; Chen, Ji; Kiefer, Berthold; Schmitt, Peter; Hollenbach, Hans-Peter; Shen, Jianxiang; Oberle, Michael; Szczerba, Dominik; Kam, Anthony; Guag, Joshua W.; Kuster, Niels (17 December 2009). "The Virtual Family—development of surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 55 (2): N23, DOI 10.1088/0031-9155/55/2/N01. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/55/2/N01. PMID 20019402 – via IOP SCIENCE.
- ^ "The Virtual Family: A set of anatomically correct whole-body computational models". U. S. Food & Drug Administration. 15 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
- ^ Gosselin, Marie-Christine; Neufeld, Esra; Moser, Heidi; Huber, Eveline; Farcito, Silvia; Gerber, Livia; Jedensjö, Maria; Hilber, Isabel; Gennaro, Fabienne Di; Lloyd, Bryn; Cherubini, Emilio; Szczerba, Dominik; Kainz, Wolfgang; Kuster, Niels (21 August 2014). "Development of a new generation of high-resolution anatomical models for medical device evaluation: the Virtual Population 3.0". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 59 (18): 5287, DOI 10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/5287. Bibcode:2014PMB....59.5287G. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/5287. PMID 25144615 – via IOP SCIENCE.
- ^ Neufeld, Esra; Lloyd, Bryn; Kuster, Niels (23 September 2016). From Image-Based Modeling to the Modeling of Imaging with the Virtual Population. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9968. pp. 45–54. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46630-9_5. ISBN 978-3-319-46629-3. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Lloyd, Bryn; Cherubini, Emilio; Farcito, Silvia; Neufeld, Esra; Baumgartner, Christian; Kuster, Niels (23 September 2016). Covering Population Variability: Morphing of Computation Anatomical Models. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9968. pp. 13–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46630-9_2. ISBN 978-3-319-46629-3. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Iacono, Maria Ida; Neufeld, Esra; Akinnagbe, Esther; Bower, Kelsey; Wolf, Johanna; Vogiatzis Oikonomidis, Ioannis; Sharma, Deepika; Lloyd, Bryn; Wilm, Bertram J.; Wyss, Michael; Pruessmann, Klaas P.; Jakab, Andras; Makris, Nikos; Cohen, Ethan D.; Kuster, Niels; Kainz, Wolfgang; Angelone, Leonardo M. (22 April 2015). "MIDA: A Multimodal Imaging-Based Detailed Anatomical Model of the Human Head and Neck". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0124126, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0124126. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1024126I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124126. PMC 4406723. PMID 25901747.
- ^ "MIDA: A Multimodal Imaging-Based Model of the Human Head and Neck". U. S. Food & Drug Administration. 15 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
- ^ "IXI Dataset". Imperial College London. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
- ^ Androulakis, Ioannis; Sumser, Kemal; Machielse, Melanie N. D.; Koppert, Linetta; Jager, Agnes; Nout, Remi; Franckena, Martine; Van Rhoon, Gerard C.; Curto, Sergio (14 September 2022). "Patient-derived breast model repository, a tool for hyperthermia treatment planning and applicator design". International Journal of Hyperthermia. 39 (1): 1213–1221, DOI 10.1080/02656736.2022.2121862. doi:10.1080/02656736.2022.2121862. PMID 36104074 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- ^ Park, Jin Seo; Chung, Min Suk; Hwang, Sung Bae; Shin, Byeong-Seok; Park, Hyung Seon (27 February 2006). "Visible Korean Human: Its techniques and applications". Clinical Anatomy. 19 (3): 216–224, DOI 10.1002/ca.20275. doi:10.1002/ca.20275. PMID 16506204 – via Wiley Online Library.
- ^ "ARAMIS". Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
- ^ "Hosted Models". IT'IS Foundation. 15 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
- in-depth (not just passing mentions about the subject)
- reliable
- secondary
- independent of the subject
Make sure you add references that meet these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia.