Linear density

For other uses, see Density (disambiguation).

Linear mass density or simply linear density is defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ) as the quotient of mass and length.^[1] It is also called titer in textile engineering.

Linear density
Common symbols	${\displaystyle \rho _{A}}$
SI unit	kg/m

The linear density, represented by λ, indicates the amount of a quantity, indicated by m, per unit length along a single dimension.

Although (linear) density is most often used to mean (linear) mass density, the concept can be generalized for the any other quantity per unit of length, called lineic quantities in ISQ.^[2] For example, linear charge density or lineic electric charge is the amount of electric charge per unit length.^[3]

Linear density most often describes the characteristics of one-dimensional objects, although linear density can also be used to describe the density along one particular spatial dimension of a three-dimensional object.

Linear mass density

Consider a long, thin rod of mass ${\displaystyle M}$  and length ${\displaystyle L}$ . To calculate the average linear mass density, ${\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}_{m}}$ , of this one dimensional object, we can simply divide the total mass, ${\displaystyle M}$ , by the total length, ${\displaystyle L}$ : $${\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}_{m}={\frac {M}{L}}}$$  If we describe the rod as having a varying mass (one that varies as a function of position along the length of the rod, ${\displaystyle l}$ ), we can write: $${\displaystyle m=m(l)}$$  Each infinitesimal unit of mass, ${\displaystyle dm}$ , is equal to the product of its linear mass density, ${\displaystyle \lambda _{m}}$ , and the infinitesimal unit of length, ${\displaystyle dl}$ : $${\displaystyle dm=\lambda _{m}dl}$$  The linear mass density can then be understood as the derivative of the mass function with respect to the one dimension of the rod (the position along its length, ${\displaystyle l}$ ) $${\displaystyle \lambda _{m}={\frac {dm}{dl}}}$$ 

The SI unit of linear mass density is the kilogram per meter (kg/m).

Linear density of fibers and yarns can be measured by many methods. The simplest one is to measure a length of material and weigh it. However, this requires a large sample and masks the variability of linear density along the thread, and is difficult to apply if the fibers are crimped or otherwise cannot lay flat relaxed. If the density of the material is known, the fibers are measured individually and have a simple shape, a more accurate method is direct imaging of the fiber with a scanning electron microscope to measure the diameter and calculation of the linear density. Finally, linear density is directly measured with a vibroscope. The sample is tensioned between two hard points, mechanical vibration is induced and the fundamental frequency is measured.^[4][5]

Generalization: lineic quantities

The qualifier lineic is recommended in the International System of Quantities (ISO 80000-1) to denote the quotient of any physical quantity by length.^[2] The expressions "per unit length" or "linear ... density" (or simply "density") are also often used, with resulting units involving reciprocal metre (m⁻¹), for example:

• linear mass density or lineic mass^[2][1]
• linear charge density or lineic electric charge, electric charge per unit length^[3]
• linear number density or lineic number, number of entities per unit length
• propagation constant (attenuation constant and phase constant)

Linear charge density

Main article: Linear charge density

Consider a long, thin wire of charge ${\displaystyle Q}$  and length ${\displaystyle L}$ . To calculate the average linear charge density, ${\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}_{q}}$ , of this one dimensional object, we can simply divide the total charge, ${\displaystyle Q}$ , by the total length, ${\displaystyle L}$ : $${\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}_{q}={\frac {Q}{L}}}$$  If we describe the wire as having a varying charge (one that varies as a function of position along the length of the wire, ${\displaystyle l}$ ), we can write: $${\displaystyle q=q(l)}$$  Each infinitesimal unit of charge, ${\displaystyle dq}$ , is equal to the product of its linear charge density, ${\displaystyle \lambda _{q}}$ , and the infinitesimal unit of length, ${\displaystyle dl}$ :^[6] $${\displaystyle dq=\lambda _{q}dl}$$  The linear charge density can then be understood as the derivative of the charge function with respect to the one dimension of the wire (the position along its length, ${\displaystyle l}$ ) $${\displaystyle \lambda _{q}={\frac {dq}{dl}}}$$ 

Notice that these steps were exactly the same ones we took before to find ${\textstyle \lambda _{m}={\frac {dm}{dl}}}$ .

The SI unit of linear charge density is the coulomb per meter (C/m).

Other applications

In drawing or printing, the term linear density also refers to how densely or heavily a line is drawn.

The most famous abstraction of linear density is the probability density function of a single random variable.

Units

See also: Units of textile measurement

Common units include:

• kilogram per meter (using SI base units)
• ounce (mass) per foot
• ounce (mass) per inch
• pound (mass) per yard: used in the North American railway industry for the linear density of rails
• pound (mass) per foot
• pound (mass) per inch
• tex, a unit of measure for the linear density of fibers, defined as the mass in grams per 1,000 meters
• denier, a unit of measure for the linear density of fibers, defined as the mass in grams per 9,000 meters
• decitex (dtex), a unit for the linear density of fibers, defined as the mass in grams per 10,000 meters

See also

• Density
  • Area density
  • Columnar density
  • Paper density
• Linear number density

References

1. "ISO 80000-4:2019 Quantities and units — Part 4: Mechanics". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
2. "ISO 80000-1: Quantities and units — Part 1: General". iso.org. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
3. "IEC 80000-6:2022 Quantities and units — Part 6: Electromagnetism". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
4. Patt, D.H. (1958). "Findings and Recommendations on the Use of the Vibroscope". Textile Research Journal. 28 (8): 691–700. doi:10.1177/004051755802800809. S2CID 137534752.
5. "ISO 1973:1995. Textile fibres -- Determination of linear density -- Gravimetric method and vibroscope method".
6. Griffiths, David J. (1989), Introduction to Electrodynamics (2nd Edition), New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 64, ISBN 0-13-481367-7