Protodioscin is a steroidal saponin compound found in a number of plant species, most notably in the Tribulus, Trigonella Dioscorea and Trillium families.[1][2][3] It is best known as the putative active component of the herbal aphrodisiac plant Tribulus terrestris.[4][5]
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| Routes of administration | Oral |
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| Formula | C51H84O22 |
| Molar mass | 1049.211 g·mol−1 |
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Extracts of T. terrestris standardized for protodioscin content have been shown to produce proerectile effects in isolated tissues and aphrodisiac activity in several animal models.[6][7] Protodioscin is thought to contribute to increased androgen receptor immunoreactivity in some tissues, likely as a secondary effect of elevated levels of endogenous androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This increase in androgen receptor immunoreactivity has been observed after administration of Tribulus terrestris extracts, but current evidence does not support the view that protodioscin acts primarily or directly by raising the density of androgen receptors; instead, it may enhance androgen receptor expression indirectly through its influence on androgen levels.[8][9]
Although the precise mechanism has not been fully established, protodioscin has been reported to stimulate the release of nitric oxide in corpus cavernosum tissue,[10] as well as to significantly increase circulating levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone in animal studies.[11] However, clinical studies in humans have not demonstrated consistent efficacy, and the therapeutic value of T. terrestris extracts remains controversial.[12][13][14]
References
edit- ^ Ganzera M, Bedir E, Khan IA (November 2001). "Determination of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 90 (11): 1752–1758. Bibcode:2001JPhmS..90.1752G. doi:10.1002/jps.1124. PMID 11745732.
- ^ Hibasami H, Moteki H, Ishikawa K, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Yoshioka K, et al. (January 2003). "Protodioscin isolated from fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) induces cell death and morphological change indicative of apoptosis in leukemic cell line H-60, but not in gastric cancer cell line KATO III". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 11 (1): 23–26. doi:10.3892/ijmm.11.1.23. PMID 12469212.
- ^ Dong M, Feng XZ, Wang BX, Ikejima T, Wu LJ (April 2004). "Steroidal saponins from Dioscorea panthaica and their cytotoxic activity". Die Pharmazie. 59 (4): 294–296. PMID 15125576.
- ^ Dinchev D, Janda B, Evstatieva L, Oleszek W, Aslani MR, Kostova I (January 2008). "Distribution of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris from different geographical regions". Phytochemistry. 69 (1): 176–186. Bibcode:2008PChem..69..176D. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.07.003. PMID 17719068.
- ^ Singh PP, Patil SS, Bora PS, Bhatt V, Sharma U (May 2020). "Govanoside B, a new steroidal saponin from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum". Natural Product Research (6): 1–9.
- ^ Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RN (August 2002). "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats". Life Sciences. 71 (12): 1385–1396. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01858-1. PMID 12127159.
- ^ Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP, Prasad RN (April 2003). "Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 9 (2): 257–265. doi:10.1089/10755530360623374. PMID 12804079.
- ^ Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG (January 2005). "Effect of Tribulus terrestris on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity and androgen receptors in rat brain". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 96 (1–2): 127–132. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.030. PMID 15588660.
- ^ Ștefănescu R, Tero-Vescan A, Negroiu A, Aurică E, Vari CE (May 2020). "A Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Properties of Tribulus terrestris L". Biomolecules. 10 (5): 752. doi:10.3390/biom10050752. PMC 7277861. PMID 32408715.
- ^ Adaikan PG, Gauthaman K, Prasad RN, Ng SC (January 2000). "Proerectile pharmacological effects of Tribulus terrestris extract on the rabbit corpus cavernosum". Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 29 (1): 22–26. PMID 10748960.
- ^ Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP (January 2008). "The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction--an evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat". Phytomedicine. 15 (1–2): 44–54. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.011. PMID 18068966.
- ^ Rowland D, Tai W (2003). "A review of plant-derived and herbal approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunctions". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 29 (3): 185–205. doi:10.1080/00926230390155096. PMID 12851124. S2CID 45475327.
- ^ McKay D (March 2004). "Nutrients and botanicals for erectile dysfunction: examining the evidence". Alternative Medicine Review. 9 (1): 4–16. PMID 15005641.
- ^ Smith SJ, Lopresti AL, Teo SY, Fairchild TJ (2021-05-01). "Examining the Effects of Herbs on Testosterone Concentrations in Men: A Systematic Review". Advances in Nutrition. 12 (3): 744–765. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa134. PMC 8166567. PMID 33150931.