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Atheist violence (also Atheism and violence) is a violence committed by Atheist governments and people, including the anti-religious campaigns, have been documented including violence and persecutions made by militant Atheists against Christians, Muslims, Buddhists and other religious people. ^[1] Violence committed by Atheist governments and people, i have been documented including violence or persecutions focused on religious believers and those who believe in the supernatural in multiple regions^[1][2] notably such as the anti-religious campaigns in the Soviet Union,^[3][4][5] persecution of Buddhists in Cambodia during Pol Pot Atheist regime,^[6] antireligious Atheist campaigns in China,^[7]and persecution of Christians by Atheist politiicans in Mexico.^[8] In the 20th century, estimates state that over 25 million Christians died from Atheist antireligious violence worldwide.^[9]

State atheism is the incorporation of Militant radical atheism into political regimes.^[10] This also include enforcement and propaganda of radical atheism with anti-religious campaigns such as killing of Buddhists, Christians, Muslims and other non-atheist groups.

Religions have been persecuted more in the past 100 years than at any other time in history.^[11] According to Geoffrey Blainey, atrocities have occurred under all ideologies, including political Atheist regimes as the Soviet Union, China, and Cambodia.^[12]

Militant Atheist activists making violent removal of the large (5000 kg) bell from the St Volodymyr's Cathedral central Kiev USSR (now Ukraine).

The majority of communist states followed similar policies from 1917 onwards.^{[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]} The Soviet Union (1922–1991) had a long history of state atheism, whereby those who were seeking social success generally had to profess atheism and stay away from places of worship; this trend became especially militant during the middle of the Stalinist era and at the time of Khrushev, which lasted from 1929 to 1953. In Eastern Europe, countries like Belarus, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, and Ukraine experienced strong state atheism policies.^[17] East Germany and Czechoslovakia also had similar policies.^[14] The Soviet Union attempted to suppress public religious expression over wide areas of its influence, including places such as Central Asia. Currently, China,^{[14][16][19][20]} North Korea,^[19][20] and Vietnam,^[21][13] are officially atheist.

Cuba^[18] was an atheist state until 2019, when a change in its constitution declared it a secular state.^[22][23]

Marx and Lenin were both atheists with anti-religious view. ^[24][25]

Revolutionary France

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg turned into a Temple of Reason, depicted in 1794.

See also: Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Cult of Reason, and Religion of Humanity

The French Revolution initially began with attacks on Church corruption and developed into enforcement of the Atheism and Deism by violent killing of Christians. Most of the dechristianisation of France was motivated by political and economic concerns, and philosophical alternatives to the Church developed more slowly. Among the growing heterodoxy, the so-called Culte de la Raison became defined by some of the most radical revolutionaries like Anacharsis Cloots,^[26] Jacques Hébert, Antoine-François Momoro, Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette, and Joseph Fouché.

The Cult of Reason was France's first established Atheist state ideology, intended for the destruction for Roman Catholicism during the French Revolution.^[27] After holding sway for barely a year, in 1794 it was officially replaced by the rival deistic Cult of the Supreme Being, promoted by Robespierre.^{[28][29][30][31]} Both cults were officially banned in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte with his Law on Cults of 18 Germinal, Year X.^[32]

The new revolutionary Atheist and Deist christianophobic authorities suppressed and attacked the Church, nationalized Church property, exiled 30,000 priests, and killed hundreds more.^[33] In October 1793, the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoned from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason, and the Supreme Being were scheduled. New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic Cult of the Supreme Being and the atheistic Cult of Reason,^[27] with the revolutionary government briefly mandating observance of the former in April 1794.^{[34][35][36][37][38]: 1–17}

Albania

Main articles: Religion in Albania, Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Freedom of religion in Albania, and Irreligion in Albania

In 1967 an Atheist political leader Enver Hoxha, the head of state of Albania, declared Albania to be the "first atheist state of the world" even though the Soviet Union under Lenin had already been a de facto atheist state.^{[39][40][41][42][43][44]} Atheist politicians in Albania claimed that religion was foreign to Albania and used this to justify their political enforcement of atheism and suppression of religion. ^[45]

Article 37 of the Albanian Constitution of 1976 stipulated, "The state recognizes no religion, and supports atheistic propaganda in order to implant a scientific materialistic world outlook in people."^[46][15]

Catholic priest Shtjefen Kurti was killed by atheist politicians for secretly baptizing a child in Shkodër in 1972.^[47]

In 1990, the policy of state atheism was repealed.^[48] The 1998 Constitution of Albania defined the country as a parliamentary republic, and established personal and political rights and freedoms, including protection against coercion in matters of religious belief.^[49][50] Albania is a member state of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,^[49] and the 2011 census found that 58.79% of Albanians adhere to Islam.The majority of Albanian Muslims are secular Sunnis along with a significant Bektashi Shia minority. Christianity is practiced by 16.99% of the population, making it the 2nd largest religion in the country. ^[51] In 2011, Albania's population was estimated to be 56.7% Muslim, 10% Roman Catholic, 6.8% Orthodox, 2.5% atheist, 2.1% Bektashi (a Sufi order), 5.7% other, 16.2% unspecified.^[52]

China

Main articles: Religion in China, Freedom of religion in China, Irreligion in China, and Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

China has adopted a political ideology of state atheism.^{[16][20][53][54]} The government has imposed radical atheism throughout the country by destruction of churches, mosques and other religious temples. During the Cultural Revolution, Mao instigated "struggles" against the Four Olds: "old ideas, customs, culture, and habits of mind".^[55] In 1999, the Communist Party launched a three-year drive to promote atheism in Tibet, saying intensifying propaganda on atheism is "especially important for Tibet because atheism plays an extremely important role in promoting economic construction, social advancement and socialist spiritual civilization in the region".^[56] According to Encyclopædia Britannica in 2022, around half of the population claimed to be nonreligious or atheist.^[57]

In April 2016, the General Secretary, Xi Jinping who is an Atheist, stated that members of the Chinese Communist Party must be "unyielding Marxist atheists"; in the same month, a government-sanctioned demolition work crew drove a bulldozer over two Chinese Christians who protested against the demolition of their church by refusing to step aside,^[58] resulting in death of a woman. Two members of the church demolition crew were later detained by police.^[59]

Cambodia

Khmer Rouge bullet holes left at the Angkor Wat temple

Main articles: Democratic Kampuchea and Religion in Cambodia

The Atheist politician Pol Pot and an atheist propagandists of Khmer Rouge actively persecuted Buddhists during their rule of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979.^[60] Buddhist institutions and temples were destroyed and Buddhist monks and teachers were killed in large numbers by atheists.^[61] A third of the country's monasteries were destroyed along with numerous holy texts and items of high artistic quality. 25,000 Buddhist monks were massacred by the Atheist regime,^[62] which was officially an atheist state.^[13] The persecution was undertaken because Pol Pot believed that Buddhism was "a decadent affectation". He sought to eliminate Buddhism's 1,500-year-old mark on Cambodia.^[62]

Under the political Atheist Khmer Rouge, all religious practices were banned.^[63][64] According to Ben Kiernan, "the Khmer Rouge repressed Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism, but its fiercest extermination campaign was directed against the ethnic Cham Muslim minority."^[64]

North Korea

Main articles: Religion in North Korea, Freedom of religion in North Korea, Irreligion in North Korea, Juche, North Korean cult of personality, and Persecution of Christians in North Korea

World map showing countries that formerly or currently practice state Atheism.^[88] Most of the countries that practice state atheism are socialist states, with a few exceptions such as Mexico during the Cristero War.

  Countries that formerly practiced state atheism

  Countries that currently practice state atheism

The North Korean constitution states that freedom of religion is permitted.^[89] However, the North Korean government's Juche ideology has been described as "state-sanctioned atheism" and Atheism is the government's official position.^[19][20] According to a 2018 CIA report, free religious activities almost no longer exist, with government-sponsored groups to delude them.^[90] The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom stated that assessing the situation in North Korea is challenging, but reports which state that DPRK officials repress religious activities have surfaced, including reports which state that the government forms and controls religious organizations in an attempt to restrict the performance of religious activities.^[91] In 2004, the Human Rights Overview reported that North Korea remains one of the most repressive governments, with isolation and disregard for international law making monitoring almost impossible.^[92]

After 1,500 churches were destroyed during the rule of Atheist political leader Kim Il Sung from 1948 to 1994, three churches were built in Pyongyang. Foreign residents who regularly attend services at these churches have reported that the services which are performed there are staged for their benefit.^[91]

Since 2001, the U.S. State Department has designated North Korea as a "country of particular concern", due to its violations of religious freedom.^[93][94] Cardinal Nicolas Cheong Jin-suk has said that, "There's no knowledge of priests surviving persecution that came in the late forties, when 166 priests and religious were killed or kidnapped," which includes the Roman Catholic bishop of Pyongyang, Francis Hong Yong-ho.^[95] In November 2013, it was reported that the repression of religious people led to the public execution of 80 people, some of them were killed for possessing Bibles.^[96][93][97]

There are only 5 Christian churches in Pyongyang, 3 of them are Protestant, one of them is Eastern Orthodox, and one of them is Catholic.^[98]

Soviet Union

Main articles: Religion in Russia, Religion in the Soviet Union, Irreligion in Russia, Irreligion in Kazakhstan, Irreligion in Azerbaijan, Irreligion in Estonia, Secularism in Georgia (country), and Soviet anti-religious legislation

Cover of Bezbozhnik u Stanka in 1929, the magazine of the Society of the Godless. The first five-year plan of the Soviet Union is shown crushing the gods of the Abrahamic religions.

1929 cover of the Soviet Atheist propogandist magazine Bezbozhnik u stanka ("The Atheist at the Machine"), in which a group of industrial workers are depicted throwing Jesus Christ in the trash

State atheism or political atheism (gosateizm, a syllabic abbreviation of "state" [gosudarstvo] and "atheism" [ateizm]) was a major goal of the official Soviet ideology.^[99] This phenomenon, which lasted for seven decades, was new in world history.^[100] Atheist political leaders and atheist propogandists engaged in extremist activities such as destroying places of worship, executing and killing of religious leaders, flooding schools and media with anti-religious Atheist propaganda.^[101][102] It sought to make religion disappear by various means.^[103][104] Thus, the USSR became the first state to have as one objective of its official ideology the elimination of the existing religion, and the prevention of the future implanting of religious belief, with the goal of establishing state atheism (gosateizm).^{[105][106][107][108]}

From the late 1920s to the late 1930s, such organizations as the League of Militant Atheists ridiculed all religions and harassed believers.^[109] The league was a "nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism".^[110] It published its own newspaper, and journals, sponsored lectures, and organized demonstrations that lampooned religion and promoted atheism.^[111] Anti-religious and atheistic propaganda was implemented into every portion of soviet life from schools to the media and even on to substituting rituals to replace religious ones.^[101] Though Lenin originally introduced the Gregorian calendar to the Soviets, subsequent efforts to reorganise the week to improve worker productivity saw the introduction of the Soviet calendar, which had the side-effect that a "holiday will seldom fall on Sunday".^[112]

Within about a year of the revolution, the radical Atheists in the head of USSR expropriated all church property, including the churches themselves, and in the period from 1922 to 1926, 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and more than 1,200 priests were killed (a much greater number was subjected to persecution).^[113] Most seminaries were closed, and publication of religious writing was banned.^[113] A meeting of the Antireligious Commission of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) that occurred on 23 May 1929 estimated the portion of believers in the USSR at 80 percent, though this percentage may be understated to prove the successfulness of the struggle with religion.^[114] The Russian Orthodox Church, which had 54,000 parishes before World War I, was reduced to 500 by 1940.^[113] Overall, by that same year 90 percent of the churches, synagogues, and mosques that had been operating in 1917 were either forcibly closed, converted, or destroyed.

Since the Soviet era, Russia,^[115][116] Armenia,^[67] Kazakhstan,^[117] Uzbekistan,^[118] Turkmenistan,^[119] Kyrgyzstan,^[120] Tajikistan,^[121] Belarus,^[122][123] Moldova,^[124] Georgia,^[125] Ukraine^[126] and Lithuania^[127][128] have diverse religious affiliations.^[129] Russians have primarily returned to identifying with the Orthodox Church; by 2008 72% of Russians identified as Orthodox - rising from 31% in 1991. However, Professor Niels Christian Nielsen of philosophy and religious thought of Rice University has written that the post-Soviet population in areas which were formerly predominantly Orthodox are now "nearly illiterate regarding religion", almost completely lacking the intellectual or philosophical aspects of their faith and having almost no knowledge of other faiths.^[130]

Atheist violence in 21st century

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4. Gabel, Paul (2005). And God Created Lenin: Marxism Vs. Religion in Russia, 1917–1929. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-306-7.
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11. O'Brien, Joanne; Palmer, Martin (2007). The Atlas of Religion. University of California Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780520249172. However, the violence has not only been from the religious side. In the last 100 years, the major religions have been more heavily persecuted than at any other time in history. And most of this has not been religion persecuting religion. It has been ideologies persecuting religion. This ranges from the Mexican socialist revolution in 1924 attacking the power, land holdings and ultimately the clergy and buildings of the Catholic Church, through the attacks on all faiths in the Soviet Union, the Holocaust of the Jews by the Nazis, the massive onslaught of the Chinese Cultural Revolution against all faiths in the 1960s and the assaults on the Baha'is in Iran from the 1970s onwards.
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88. Supporting sources listed as of January 22, 2018 for the world map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism: Afghanistan^[65];Albania^[45]; Angola^[66]; Armenia^[67]; Azerbaijan^[67]; Belarus^[67]; Benin^[68]; Bosnia-Herzegovina^[69][70]; Bulgaria^[71]; Cambodia^[13]; China^[72]; Croatia^[69][70]; Congo^[73]; Cuba^[74]; Czechia^[75]; East Germany^[76]; Estonia^[67]; Ethiopia^[77]; Hungary^[78]; Kazakhstan^[67]; Kyrgyzstan^[67]; Laos^[79]; Latvia^[67]; Lithuania^[67]; Mexico^[80]; Moldova^[67]; Mongolia^[81]; Montenegro^[69][70]; Mozambique^[82]; North Korea^[83]; North Macedonia^[69][70]; Poland^[84]; Romania^[85]; Serbia^[69][70]; Slovakia^[75]; Slovenia^[69][70]; Tajikistan^[67]; Turkmenistan^[67]; Ukraine^[67]; Uzbekistan^[67]; Vietnam^[86]; Yemen, or more specifically, South Yemen^[87]
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120. Cite error: The named reference US state: Kyrgyzstan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
121. Cite error: The named reference US state: Tajikistan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
122. Cite error: The named reference nationmaster.com: Belarus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
123. Cite error: The named reference CIA: Belarus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
124. Cite error: The named reference nationmaster.com: Moldova was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
125. Cite error: The named reference nationmaster.com: Georgia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
126. Cite error: The named reference nationmaster.com: Ukraine was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
127. Cite error: The named reference Olesen_2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
128. Cite error: The named reference Statistics Lithuania was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
129. Cite error: The named reference Pew_Miller_2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
130. Cite error: The named reference Nielsen_2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).