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History

Prehistory and antiquity

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Migration Period

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Principality of Transylvania

 

Map of the Bistritzer District, 1770

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World wars and aftermath

 

Villagers from Josenii Bârgăului dancing the hora in 1933

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Geography

Geographical features of Bistrița-Năsăud County

CLUJ COUNTY   MARAMUREȘ COUNTY   MUREȘ COUNTY   SUCEAVA COUNTY BISTRIȚA Beclean Năsăud Sângeorz-Băi Feldru Maieru Rodna Prundu Bârgăului Telciu Lunca Ilvei Lechința Reteag Dumitra ‎ ‎DN17‎ ‎ ‎ ‎DN17‎C ‎ ‎ ‎DN17‎C ‎ ‎ ‎DN17D ‎ ‎ ‎DN17D ‎ ‎ ‎DN15A ‎ Someșul Mare Bistrița Șieu Budac Colibița L. Dipșa Lechința Meleș Apatiu Ilva Rebra Sălăuța Rosua Ilișua Valea Mare RODNA Mts. SUHARD Mts. BÂRGĂU Mts. GURGHIU Mts. ȚIBLEȘ Mts. C i c e u‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ H i l l s N ă s ă u d‎ ‎ ‎ H i l l s Ș i e u ‎ ‎ H i l l s B i s t r i ț a ‎ ‎ H i l l s T r a n s y l v a n i a n‎ ‎‎‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎ P l a i n Bistrița Depr. Dumitra Depr.

Rivers[1]  ‎ Mountain peaks Rodna Mountains Gurghiu Mountains 1. Ineu 2,279 m 4. Bistriciorul 1,990 m 2. Gârgalău 2,158 m Bârgău Mountains 3. Repede 2,074 m 5. Heniu Mare 1,611 m Altitude profile

 

Colibița Lake, a reservoir on the Bistrița and tourist attraction

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Climate

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Monthly temperature and precipitation values for various settlements in Bistrița-Năsăud County

Month		Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Köppen climate map of Bistrița-Năsăud County
Bistrița	Mean daily maximum (°C)	1	4	10	16	21	24	26	26	21	15	8	2	14.5
	Mean daily minimum (°C)	-6	-4	0	4	9	13	14	14	10	4	0	-4	4.5
	Average precipitation (mm)	43	43	50	63	81	89	91	75	69	52	47	54	757
Beclean	Mean daily maximum (°C)	0	3	9	15	20	23	25	25	20	14	8	2	13.7
	Mean daily minimum (°C)	-6	-4	-1	4	9	12	14	13	9	4	0	-4	4.17
	Average precipitation (mm)	57	55	62	68	86	92	96	73	76	60	58	67	850
Șanț	Mean daily maximum (°C)	-1	1	5	12	17	21	22	23	17	12	6	0	11.3
	Mean daily minimum (°C)	-8	-6	-3	2	6	10	11	11	7	2	-1	-6	2.1
	Average precipitation (mm)	70	72	80	86	115	123	129	97	92	75	71	81	1091

Flora and fauna

 

Tree cover map of Bistrița-Năsăud County (Global Forest Watch)

See also: Rodna Mountains National Park

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•  
  Western capercaillie
•  
  Carpathian lynx
•  
  Carpathian chamois

Demography

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1948	233,650	—
1956	255,789	+9.5%
1966	269,954	+5.5%
1977	286,628	+6.2%
1992	326,820	+14.0%
2002	311,657	−4.6%
2011	286,225	−8.2%
2021	295,988	+3.4%
Source: INS

At the 2021 Romanian census, Bistrița-Năsăud County recorded a population of 295,988, making it one of three counties (alongside Suceava and Ilfov) to register an increase since 2011. According to the same data, the majority of residents were women, totalling 149,918 or 50.4% of the population. The median age was 41.2, lower than the national figure of 43.5.^[2]

Ethnicity and religion

According to the 2021 census, 91.63% of Bistrița-Năsăud County's population identified as Romanian, with notable Romani and Hungarian minorities comprising 4.11% and 4.08% respectively. Geographically, Romanians form larger majorities in the mountainous northern and north-eastern regions, whereas the Romani and Hungarian minorities are more prevalent in the southern and south-western part of the county. In the communes of Poiana Ilvei and Runcu Salvei, all respondents identified as Romanian, whereas Braniștea was the only commune with a Hungarian majority.^[2]

Although the county is more ethnically homogenous than the national average, it is also more religiously diverse, with a significant part of the population identifying as Pentecostals—just over 9%—the second highest percentage in any Romanian county, surpassed only by neighbouring Suceava. The majority of residents declared themselves Romanian Orthodox (82.45%), followed by Pentecostals (9.04%), Reformed (3.5%) and Greek Catholics (1.58%), with other groups each accounting for less than one percent of the population.^[2]

Ethnicity	Number	Percentage			Religion	Number	Percentage
Romanians	247,935	91.63%			Romanian Orthodox	221,867	82.45%
Romani	11,127	4.11%			Pentecostals	24,334	9.04%
Hungarians	11,049	4.08%			Reformed	9,430	3.50%
Germans	261	0.10%			Greek Catholics	4,264	1.58%
Other	218	0.08%			Roman Catholics	2,374	0.88%
Did not answer	25,398				Baptists	1,832	0.68%
					Other	3,879	1.44%
					Irreligious, atheists and agnostics	1,120	0.42%
					Did not answer	26,888
Source: 2021 Romanian census[2]

Culture

 

 

Bistrița-Năsăud Museum Complex

Bistrița-Năsăud County retains 768 national heritage sites (monumente istorice), the 13th most of any Romanian county.^[3] The county seat, Bistrița is home to the Bistrița-Năsăud Museum Complex [ro] which, having been converted from an old garrison building, has in its inventory around 70,000 exhibit pieces.^[4] The County Council also manages the George Coșbuc County Library and the Bistriţa-Năsăud County Center for Culture in the same city.^[5][6]

The region is home to various traditions, some of which are found throughout Romania—such as the hora,^[7] Sânziene festival^[8] and colinde during the winter holidays^[9]—while others have a more local character. The latter include rituals such as Craii de la Mocod, where hard-working village youths are honored for their efforts over the past year. They carry plum trees adorned by local girls and oversee the symbolic judgment of those who committed serious misdeeds during that time. The entire event is accompanied by food, song and dance.^[10] Traditional clothing of the area incorporates embroidered variations on the ie as well as straw hats sporting peacock feathers called clopuri, traditionally worn by unmarried men.^[11]

•  
  Trișcă-players Rhapsody in Leșu, 2006
•  
  Folkloric dance group wearing traditional costumes

Economy

 

Employment sectors of Bistrița-Năsăud County in 2023^[12]

Bistrița-Năsăud County is part of the Nord-Vest development region, alongside the counties of Bihor, Cluj, Maramureș, Satu Mare and Sălaj. Estimates of nominal GDP per capita place the county either last or second-to-last in the development region and between 26th and 33rd nationally.^[13][14][15] Conversely, Bistrița has the fourth lowest cost of living of all county seats in Romania.^[16] The county's economy is primarily a blend of industry and agriculture, with a strong focus on the manufacturing of machine parts, electrical equipment and devices, as well as activity in the metallurgical, food and textile industries.^[1] Economic units are concentrated in urban areas, especially in Bistrița.^[17]

Agriculture

Given the low level of urbanisation (40.2%, below the national average),^[18] agriculture has maintained an important role in the county's economy. Pastures and hayfields make up the largest share of agricultural land at 70.4%, followed by arable land (25.6%), permanent croplands (2.8%), and household gardens (1.1%).^[19]

Agricultural crop production (2022) Crop tonnes Lucerne   82,343 Corn   82,175 Potatoes   37,577 Wheat, rye   14,856 Cabbage   11,141 Barley   5,405 Tomatoes   3,008 Onions   2,768 Oat   2,309 Sunflowers   1,150	Number of animals (2022) Type number Poultry   ~592,400 Sheep   ~346,400 Cattle   ~80,400 Pigs   ~51,200 Goats   ~19,300
Source: National Institute of Statistics[12]

Industry

Manufacturing in urban centers, along with high-performance wood harvesting in the north-eastern part of the county, represents the main industrial activity.^[20] As a result, key industrial products include cold-drawn steel wires, metallurgical and refractory equipment, electrical cables and conductors, insulating materials, lead–acid batteries, timber and wooden furniture, processed plastic products and glassware.^[17] Five of the twenty highest-earning electrical cable producers in Romania are based in Bistrița-Năsăud County.^[21]

Tourism

 

Hotel near Colibița Lake

 

Via Transilvanica marking

The county’s main tourist attractions include its numerous nature reserves, such as the Rodna Mountains and Călimani National Parks, as well as balneoclimatic resorts like Sângeorz-Băi. Other popular destinations include Colibița Lake and Valea Blaznei.^[22] Most of the Via Transilvanica's Highlands (Ținutul de Sus) segment is located in Bistrița-Năsăud County,^[23] with the organization headquartered in Piatra Fântânele (Tihuța Pass).^[24] In 2023, 112,546 tourists were accommodated, an increase of 19,269 compared to 2022.^[12]

Administrative divisions

A B D C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58	Municipalities Municipii
	A.	Bistrița
	Towns Orașe
	B.	Beclean		C.	Năsăud		D.	Sângeorz-Băi
	Communes Comune
	1.	Bistrița Bârgăului		21.	Livezile		41.	Runcu Salvei
	2.	Braniștea		22.	Lunca Ilvei		42.	Salva
	3.	Budacu de Jos		23.	Maieru		43.	Sânmihaiu de Câmpie
	4.	Budești		24.	Matei		44.	Silivașu de Câmpie
	5.	Căianu Mic		25.	Măgura Ilvei		45.	Spermezeu
	6.	Cetate		26.	Mărișelu		46.	Șanț
	7.	Chiochiș		27.	Miceștii de Câmpie		47.	Șieu
	8.	Chiuza		28.	Milaș		48.	Șieu-Măgheruș
	9.	Ciceu-Giurgești		29.	Monor		49.	Șieu-Odorhei
	10.	Ciceu-Mihăiești		30.	Negrilești		50.	Șieuț
	11.	Coșbuc		31.	Nimigea		51.	Șintereag
	12.	Dumitra		32.	Nușeni		52.	Târlișua
	13.	Dumitrița		33.	Parva		53.	Teaca
	14.	Feldru		34.	Petru Rareș		54.	Telciu
	15.	Galații Bistriței		35.	Poiana Ilvei		55.	Tiha Bârgăului
	16.	Ilva Mare		36.	Prundu Bârgăului		56.	Uriu
	17.	Ilva Mică		37.	Rebra		57.	Urmeniș
	18.	Josenii Bârgăului		38.	Rebrișoara		58.	Zagra
	19.	Lechința		39.	Rodna
	20.	Leșu		40.	Romuli

Bistrița-Năsăud County is divided into one municipality, three towns and 58 communes, the latter comprising a total of 235 villages.^[12] In 2021, the county seat and only municipality—Bistrița—registered the highest population (78,877), while Silivașu de Câmpie commune had the fewest residents (841). The average population of a commune in Bistrița-Năsăud County was 3,185.^[2]

Politics

Bistrița-Năsăud County Council
9th County Council Legislature (2024-2028)
Leadership
President	Radu Moldovan, PSD since 10 June 2012
Vicepresidents	Daniel Tamaș, PSD
	Cristian Cârlig, PNL
Structure
Political groups	PSD (14)   PNL (10)   AUR (4)   UDMR (2)
Length of term	4 years
Elections
Last election	9 June 2024
Next election	2028
Website
County Counci

Electoral history of the Bistrița-Năsăud County Council (2000-present)^[25]

Election	County Council	County Council President
2000	PD, PDSR, PNL, CDR, ApR, UDMR, PRM, PER, Others	Gheorghe Marinescu		PDSR
2004	PSD PD PNL PRM, UDMR, PUR			PSD
2008	PDL PSD PNL	Liviu Rusu		PDL
2012	USL PDL PPDD	Radu Moldovan		PSD
2016	PSD PNL ALDE
2020	BN[a] PNL PMP
2024	PSD PNL AUR UDMR

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Local government

National politics

Symbols

Coat of arms of Bistrița-Năsăud County

Composition A quartered shield; In the first quarter, on an azure field, rests an aquila in natural color, holding in its red beak a golden cross and bearing a silver shield with the initials "VRR" (Virtus Romana Rediviva); At the base of the eagle lies an open book in white. In the second quarter, on a golden field, rests the she-wolf nurturing Romulus and Remus, also in natural color. In the third quarter, on a red field, rests an irregular shield with a golden border, also in red; Inside it lies the head of an aurochs in natural color, with a golden six-pointed star between its horns. In the fourth quarter, on a silver field, rests a person dressed in traditional costume, holding a spear in his right hand, and in his left, a shield with a floral ornament.[26] Symbolism The aquila, its motto (shared with the Transylvanian School[27] and the Năsăud border guards[28]) and the she-wolf evoke the Latin origins of the Romanian people; The person calls back to the same Romanian border guards from Năsăud; The shield with the aurochs head alludes to the local land holdings of Moldavian lords in feudal times.[26]

Historical development

•  
  Năsăud County
  (1925–1938; 1945-1950)
•  
  Ținutul Someș
  (1938–1940)
•  
  Bistrița-Năsăud County
  (1972^[b]–1989)

Notable people

“ Then suddenly, his gaze dropped from the cross to the cemetery beside the church, and there he caught sight of the stone with the gilded inscription, marking the grave and memory of his father. (...) But in that very instant, he remembered—so vividly, as if hearing them for the first time—the words his father had once spoken to him in Năsăud: “Always do your duty, and never forget that you are a Romanian!” ” — Liviu Rebreanu, Forest of the Hanged (Book 2, Chapter 7)

1. Bistrița-Năsăud County Council (portalbn.ro). "Prezentarea generală a judeţului Bistriţa-Năsăud" [General presentation of Bistriţa-Năsăud County] (PDF). Strategia Județului Bistrița-Năsăud (in Romanian).
2. "Rezultate definitive" [Definitive results]. recensamantromania.ro (2021 Romanian Census) (in Romanian).
3. "Lista Monumentelor Istorice" [Historical Monuments List]. Romanian Ministry of Culture (cultura.ro) (in Romanian).
4. "Complexul Muzeal Bistrița-Năsăud" [Bistrița-Năsăud Museum Complex]. bistrita.com (in Romanian).
5. "Biblioteca Judeţeană „George Coșbuc", Bistriţa-Năsăud" ["George Coșbuc" County Library, Bistriţa-Năsăud]. bjbn.ro (in Romanian).
6. "Despre noi" [About us]. CENTRUL JUDEȚEAN PENTRU CULTURĂ BISTRIȚA-NĂSĂUD (in Romanian).
7. Tobias, Andreea; Sabău, Cristiana (6 May 2013). "Tradiţii reînviate în Bistriţa-Năsăud: Horă în costume populare, în a doua zi de Paşte" [Traditions revived in Bistriţa-Năsăud: Hora [dance] in folk costumes, on the second day of Easter]. Mediafax (in Romanian).
8. Lungu, Mia (23 June 2025). "Ritualuri și tradiții de Sânziene, în 2025: Ce sunt focurile de la Maieru, obiceiul care dăinuie de generaţii" [Rituals and traditions of Sânziene, in 2025: What are the fires at Maieru, the custom that has lasted for generations]. Antena 3 CNN (in Romanian).
9. "BISTRIȚA. „Decembrie de poveste" - concerte de colinde în cadrul Târgului de Crăciun" [BISTRIȚA. "Storybook December" - colindă [carol] concerts at the Christmas Fair]. Info Bistrița (in Romanian). 4 December 2014.
10. Sabău, Cristiana (13 April 2012). ""Craii de la Mocod", luni, în a doua zi de Paşti" [“Craii de la Mocod”, monday, on the second day of Easter]. Timp Online (in Romanian).
11. "Costume populare" [Traditional costumes]. Complexul Muzeal Bistrița-Năsăud (in Romanian).
12. "ANUARUL STATISTIC al Județului Bistrița-Năsăud - 2024" [STATISTICS YEARBOOK of Bistrița-Năsăud - 2024] (PDF). Regional Directorate of Statistics Bistrița-Năsăud (in Romanian).
13. "Produsul intern brut pe locuitor la nivel de macroregiune, regiune de dezvoltare şi județ" [Gross domestic product per capita at the macro-region, development region and county level] (PDF). Secretariatul General al Guvernului (General Secretariat of the Government) (in Romanian).
14. Reștea, Kristina (17 July 2024). "GRAFIC Județe bogate, județe sărace, cu două hărți în paralel: PIB vs venituri. Cum se compară economia Vasluiului cu cea a Clujului sau Teleormanul cu Bucureștiul la salarii?" [GRAPH Rich counties, poor counties, with two maps in parallel: GDP vs income. How does the economy of Vaslui compare to that of Cluj or Teleorman to Bucharest in terms of salaries?]. Economedia (in Romanian).
15. "Produsul intern brut (PIB) pe cap de locuitor, pe județe, în anul 2022". cumstam.ro (in Romanian). ECOTECA Association. 2022.
16. Popa, Dan (20 April 2023). "Indexul traiului ieftin. Care sunt orașele din România unde costul vieții e cel mai mic" [Cheap Living Index. Which are the cities in Romania where the cost of living is the lowest?]. HotNews (in Romanian).
17. "Economie" [Economy]. Consiliul Județean Bistrița-Năsăud (Bistrița-Năsăud County Council) (in Romanian).
18. "ECONOMIA JUDEȚULUI BISTRIȚA NĂSĂUD" [THE ECONOMY OF BISTRIȚA NĂSĂUD COUNTY] (PDF). Comisia Națională de Strategie și Prognoză (National Comission for Strategy and Forecasting) (in Romanian). 2024.
19. "Recensământul General Agricol 2020 - date finale în judeţul Bistriţa-Năsăud" [General Agricultural Census 2020 - final data in Bistriţa-Năsăud County] (PDF). National Institute of Statistics (Romania) (in Romanian). 2020.
20. "PLANUL LOCAL DE ACŢIUNE PENTRU ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT (2017-2025)" [LOCAL ACTION PLAN FOR EDUCATION (2017-2025)] (PDF). Inspectoratul Școlar Județean Bistrița-Nasaud (in Romanian). 2019.
21. "Bistrițenii urcă 5 firme în TOP20 producători de cabluri din România" [Bistrița[ns] add 5 companies to the TOP20 cable manufacturers in Romania]. Bistrița Business (in Romanian). 9 November 2020.
22. "Turism si cultura" [Tourism and culture]. Consiliul Județean Bistrița-Năsăud (Bistrița-Năsăud County Council) (in Romanian).
23. "Ținutul de Sus" [Highlands]. Via Transilvanica (in Romanian).
24. "About us". Via Transilvanica.
25. "Elections Database - Romanian Permanent Electoral Authority (ROAEP)". roaep.ro (in Romanian).
26. "HOTĂRÂRE nr. 684 din 30 septembrie 1998" [GOVERNMENT DECISION no. 684 from 30 September 1998]. Portal Legislativ (legislatie.just.ro) (in Romanian).
27. Caba, Mihai. "ȘCOALA ARDELEANĂ, primul nucleu „iluminist" al culturii române" [THE TRANSYLVANIAN SCHOOL, the first "enlightenment" nucleus of Romanian culture]. Revista Armonii Culturale [Cultural Harmonies Journal] (in Romanian) (8 October 2023 ed.). ISSN 2247-1545.
28. "MARȘUL REGIMENTULUI ROMÂNESC DE GRĂNICERI DIN NĂSĂUD" [MARCH OF THE ROMANIAN REGIMENT OF BORDER GUARDS FROM NĂSĂUD] (PDF). Acta Musei Napocensis (in Romanian). National Museum of Transylvanian History: 598.

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