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Consonants

Nasals

Bilabial nasal

Environment	m
	m	Some accents	Examples
Before /f/ and /v/	ɱ		symphony, some value, circumvent
Finally after a consonant	m	m̩	rhythm
Elsewhere		m	man, hum

Alveolar nasal

Environment	n
	n	Some accents	Examples
Finally after a consonant	n	n̩	button
Everywhere		n	no, Hun

Velar nasal

Environment	ŋ
	Most accents	Brummie (and which others?)	Examples
Before /k/ and /g/	ŋ	ŋ	drink, finger
Intervocallically		ŋg	ringer
Finally			hung

Plosives and affricates

Bilabial plosives

Environment	p		b
	p	Examples	b	Examples
Initially	tʃʰ	pit	b	bit
Medially	p	spin		about
Finally		tip	b̥	web

Alveolar plosives

Diaphoneme	Environment	t ord	English English	American and Australian English	Scottish English	Hiberno-English	Examples
t	Initially	tʰ					tin
	In certain positions	t	ʔ			t̞	better
			ɾ		ʔ
	Elsewhere	t					sting
d	Initially	d					din
	Intervocallically	d		ɾ	d		daddy
	Finally	d̥					odd
	Elsewhere	d					mandate

Postalveolar affricates

Environment	tʃ		dʒ
	tʃ	Examples	dʒ	Examples
Initially	tʃʰ	cheap	dʒ	jeep, gin
Medially	tʃ	nature		cagey
Finally		teach	d̥ʒ̊	edge

Velar plosives

Environment	k		ɡ
	k	Examples	ɡ	Examples
Initially	kʰ	cut, kill, queen	ɡ	gut, get
Medially	k	skin		again
Finally		unique, thick	ɡ̊	beg

Fricatives

Labiodental fricatives

Environment	f		v
	f	Examples	v	Examples
After /p/, /b/ and /m/ ([ɱ])	ɸ	up-front, Cub fan, tomfoolery	β	upvote, obviate, Humvee
Finally	f	enough, leaf, off	v̥	have, of, curve
Elsewhere		fat, photo	v	vat

Alveolar fricatives

Environment	s			z
	s	Some English English (which?)	Examples	z	Examples
Before /j/	s	ʃ	assume	N/A
Finally		s	pass	z̥	rose
Elsewhere			sap, city	z	zap

Dental fricatives

	Environment	θ or ð	Hiberno-English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, New York English and South Asian English (th-stopping)	some varieties of Cockney and African American Vernacular English (th-fronting)	some Carribbean	Examples
θ	Everywhere	θ	t̪	f	t	thigh, teeth
ð	Finally	ð̥	d̪̥	v̥	d̥	breathe
	Elsewhere	ð	d̪	v	d	thy

Postalveolar fricatives

Environment	ʃ		ʒ
	ʃ	Examples	ʒ	Examples
Finally	ʃ	leash	ʒ̊	beige
Elsewhere		shin, sure, session, dilution	ʒ	genre, pleasure, delusion, seizure

Labiovelar fricative

Environment	hw
	hw (wine-whine merger)	Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects	Examples
Everywhere	w	ʍ	what

Glottal fricative

Environment	h
	h	Norfolk dialect (yod-dropping)	Most British accents	Some accents in the Southern Hemisphere	Accents with H-dropping	Examples
Before /j/	h		ç	ç	∅	hue
Before high front vowels			h			hit
Elsewhere				ɦ		ham

Approximants

Alveolar lateral approximant

Environment	l
	l	Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English	Irish English	RP, some other English accents, and South African English	New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English	Examples
Finally after a consonant	l, ɫ?	l̩				bottle
after a voiceless stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable	l̥, ɫ̥?	ɫ̥	l̥	ɫ	l̥?	please
In syllable rimes	l, ɫ?	ɫ	l		[ɤ~o] or [ɤ̯~o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel	bell, sable
For l-vocalization						?
Elsewhere				l		lump

Alveolar and labiovelar approximants

Environment	r					w
	r	some varieties of Scottish, Irish, Indian, Welsh, Northern England and South African English	some accents in Southern England	Scottish, Welsh, South African and Indian dialects	Examples	w	Examples
After a voiceless stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable	ɹ̠̊, ɹ̥ʷ, ɹ̥, ɻ̊	ɾ̥	ʋ̥	r̥	probably	ʍ	queen
Elsewhere	ɹ̠, ɹʷ, ɹ, ɻ	ɾ	ʋ	r	run, very	w	wore

Palatal approximant

Environment	j
	j	Examples
Everywhere	j	your, Mayan

Marginal consonants

These consonants are marginal phonemes, meaning that they only occur in a few specific words.

Velar fricative

Environment	x
	x	With loch-lock merger	Welsh English	White South African English	Marginal	Examples
Scottish loan words	x	k	χ	χ	h, ɦ?	loch
Welsh loan words				N/A		Amlwch /ˈæmlʊx/
Afrikaans or Xhosa loan words			N/A	χ		gogga /ˈxɒxə/
ugh (read)	ɣ, g, k
ugh (spoken)	x, ɣ, ʀ̊, ɣ, g, k

Glottal stop

Environment	ʔ
∅uh-oh	ʔ

Alveolar lateral fricatives

Environment	ɬ				ɮ
	ɬ	Welsh English	South African English	Examples	ɮ	South African English	Examples
Welsh loan words	l	ɬ	l	Llangefni	N/A
Zulu loan words		l	ɬ	hlala gahle[1]	l	ɮ	ibandla[2]

Vowels

New order

whatever it is set

Accent					Diaphoneme[i]
					Lexical set
Region	Subregion	Variety	Accent	Variants	Allophones
British Isles	Channel Islands	Channel Islands English[citation needed]
	England	Supraregional	Received Pronunciation (RP)	Conservative[3][4]
				Standard Southern British English (SSBE)[5]
		English in Southern England	Cockney[citation needed]
			Estuary English[citation needed]
			Multicultural London English (MLE)[6]
		West Midlands English	Brummie dialect[7]
		English in Northern England[citation needed]	Cumbrian dialect
			Geordie
			Lancashire dialect
			Manchester dialect
			Pitmatic
			Scouse
			Yorkshire dialect
	Ireland	Hiberno-English[8]	Ulster English	Belfast
				Mid-Ulster
				Traditional
				Ulster Scots dialect
			South-West Irish English
			Dublin English	Local
				New
			Standard Irish English
	Scotland	Scottish English[9]
	Wales	Welsh English[10]	Abercraf English
			Port Talbot English
			Cardiff English[7]
North American	American English	Supraregional	African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)[citation needed]	Non-Rhotic
				Rhotic
			General American English[11][12][13]
			Good American Speech[citation needed]
		Midwest	Inland Northern American English[citation needed]
		Northeast	Boston accent[citation needed]	Older
				Younger
			New York accent[citation needed]	Non-Rhotic
				Older
				Rhotic
			Philadelphia English[citation needed]
		South	Cajun English[citation needed]
			Southern American English[citation needed]	Older
				Non-Rhotic
				Rhotic
			Miami English[citation needed]
		West	California English[citation needed]	Northern
				Southern
			Chicano English[citation needed]
	Canadian English	Supraregional	Standard Canadian English[14]
		Atlantic	Newfoundland English[15]
West Indies			Bahamian English[citation needed]
			Bajan English[citation needed]
Colonial Southern Hemisphere		Australian English[16][17]	Cultivated
			General
			Broad
		New Zealand English[18][19]	Cultivated
			General
			Broad
		South African English[20][21]	Cultivated
			General
			Broad
World Englishes		Africa	Cameroonian English[22]
		Asia	Indian English[23]
			Singapore English[24]
		Pacific Islands	Palauan English[citation needed]
			Fiji English[citation needed]
			Solomon Islands English[citation needed]

Current representation of sets

This section contains the section of each set in the large current table. All realizations which are not part of that set (whether internal or merged) are deleted and the cells are merged for clarity.

TRAP

Dia- phoneme[ii]	Keyword	Examples	AmE																			AuE[25][26]			BahE	BarE	CaE[27]	Cameroonian English[28]	CIE	EnE														FiE	InE[29]	IrE[30]								NZE[31][32]			Newfoundland English[15]	PaE	ScE[33]	SIE	SAE[34][35]			SSE	WaE[36]
			AAVE		Boston accent		Cajun English	California English		Chicano English	General American[37][38][31]	Inland Northern American English	Miami accent	Mid-Atlantic English	New York accent			Philadelphia accent	Southern American English											Brummie[39]	Southern England English				Northern England English							RP				Ulster English				West & South-West Irish English	Dublin English		Supraregional southern Irish English												Abercraf English	Port Talbot English	Cardiff English
			Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Older	Younger		Northern	Southern						Non-Rhotic	Older	Rhotic		Older	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Cultivated	General	Broad							Cockney	Estuary English (EE)	MLE[40]	West Country	Cumbrian	Geordie	Lancashire	Manchester	Pitmatic	Scouse	Yorkshire	Conservative[41][42]	Contemporary (SSBE)[43]			Belfast	Mid-Ulster	traditional	Ulster Scots		Local Dublin English	New Dublin English		Cultivated	General	Broad					Cultivated	General	Broad
æ	TRAP	ham	ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯		ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯[iii]		æ	eə~ɛə		æ~ɛə̯~eə̯	eə̯~ɛə̯~æ[iii]	eə̯~ɪə̯	æ		ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[iii]			æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[iii]	æɛæ~eə	eə̯~æjə[iii]		æː[iv]	æː~ɛː[iv]	æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː[iv]	æ~a	a	æ~ɛə̯[iii]	a̽	æ	a	æ~ɛ~ɛɪ	æ~a~ɛ̞	ɐ̞	æː~aː	a~ä	a	a~ä			a	a~ä	æ	aː[iv]	æ	æ~ɛ	äː~a				æ		a	æ~a	æ	ɛ	ɛ̝	æ	æ	ä	ɑ~æ	æ	a~æ	æ~ɛ~e̞	ɛ[44]	a	aː[iv]	aː~æː[iv]
		bad	æ~ɛː~ɛə̯		æ~ɛə̯	æ~ɛə̯		ɛ~æ~a~ä	æ~æ̞	æ					æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[iii]			æ	æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ	æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠							æ~a̝
		lad																				æ	a̝~æ	æ~ɛ							æ~ɛ												a																							a	a~æ (TRAP-BATH split is variable)
ɑː / æ	BATH
ɑː	PALM

BATH

Dia- phoneme[v]	Keyword	Examples	AmE																			AuE[25][26]			BahE	BarE	CaE[27]	Cameroonian English[28]	CIE	EnE														FiE	InE[29]	IrE[30]								NZE[31][32]			Newfoundland English[15]	PaE	ScE[33]	SIE	SAE[34][35]			SSE	WaE[36]
			AAVE		Boston accent		Cajun English	California English		Chicano English	General American[37][38][31]	Inland Northern American English	Miami accent	Mid-Atlantic English	New York accent			Philadelphia accent	Southern American English											Brummie[39]	Southern England English				Northern England English							RP				Ulster English				West & South-West Irish English	Dublin English		Supraregional southern Irish English												Abercraf English	Port Talbot English	Cardiff English
			Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Older	Younger		Northern	Southern						Non-Rhotic	Older	Rhotic		Older	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Cultivated	General	Broad							Cockney	Estuary English (EE)	MLE[40]	West Country	Cumbrian	Geordie	Lancashire	Manchester	Pitmatic	Scouse	Yorkshire	Conservative[41][42]	Contemporary (SSBE)[43]			Belfast	Mid-Ulster	traditional	Ulster Scots		Local Dublin English	New Dublin English		Cultivated	General	Broad					Cultivated	General	Broad
æ	TRAP	ham					æ					eə̯~ɪə̯	æ												æ~a			a̽		a				æː~aː	a~ä	a	a~ä			a	a~ä					äː~a												æ	ä						a
		bad	æ~ɛː~ɛə̯			æ~ɛə̯		ɛ~æ~a~ä	æ~æ̞	æ										æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠							æ~a̝
		lad																																																																a	a~æ (TRAP-BATH split is variable)
ɑː / æ	BATH				ä~a										ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[iii]			æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[iii]	æɛ~æe			äː	äː~ɐː			aː			ɑː		ɑː	ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː	ɑː									ɑ̟ː	ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː	a~ɑ	äː					æː~aː		aː		ɐː~äː			æː			ɑ	ɑ̟ː	ɑː	ɒː~ɔː	ä[45]
ɑː	PALM

PALM

Dia- phoneme[vi]	AmE																			AuE[46][47]			BahE	BajE	CaE[48]	Cameroonian English[49]	CIE	EnE														FiE	InE[50]	IrE[51]								NZE[52][53]			Newfoundland English[15]	PaE	ScE[54]	SIE	SAE[55][56]			SSE	WaE[57]			Keyword	Examples
	AAVE		Boston accent		Cajun English	California English		Chicano English	General American[58][59][52]	Inland Northern American English	Miami accent	Mid-Atlantic accent	New York accent			Philadelphia English	Southern American English											Brummie[60]	Southern England English				Northern England English							RP				Ulster English				South-West Irish English	Dublin English		Standard Irish English												Abercraf English	Port Talbot English	Cardiff English
	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Older	Younger		Northern	Southern						Non-Rhotic	Older	Rhotic		Older	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Cultivated	General	Broad							Cockney	Estuary English (EE)	MLE[61]	West Country	Cumbrian	Geordie	Lancashire	Manchester	Pitmatic	Scouse	Yorkshire	Conservative[62][63]	Contemporary (SSBE)[64]			Belfast	Mid-Ulster	Traditional	Ulster Scots		Local	New		Cultivated	General	Broad					Cultivated	General	Broad
æ																										a̽																															ä									TRAP	ham
																																																																			bad
																																																																			lad
ɑː / æ			ä~a																	äː	äː~ɐː			aː			ɑː		ɑː	ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː	ɑː									ɑ̟ː	ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː		äː					æː~aː		aː		ɐː~äː							ɑ̟ː	ɑː	ɒː~ɔː	ä[65]				BATH	pass
ɑː	a~ä~ɑ			a~ä	ɑ	ä~ɑ~ɒ		ä~a	ɑ~ä	a~ä	ɑ	ɑ̟ː	ɑ~ä			ɑ							ɑ		ɒ~ɑ			ɑː				ɒ~ɑ	äː	ɒː~ɑː	äː			aː~ɑː	äː			aː		äː~ɑː											æ~ɑː	ɑː		ɑː					aː		aː~æː	PALM	father
ɒ																																																																		LOT	not
ɒ / ɔː																																																																		CLOTH	off[vii]
ɔː																																																																		THOUGHT	law
																																																																			pause

Conditional mergers proposal

DRESS

Accent		Realizations and sub-sets				Mergers
		Allophonic splits		?		Away from DRESS
		pen	MERRy	length[citation needed]	DRESS	MURRay-MERRy merger	pin-pen merger
AmE	Cajun English[citation needed]	ɪ	ʌr	i	ɛ~æ	Y	Y

KIT

Accent		Realizations and sub-sets	Mergers
			Towards KIT
		KIT	pen
AmE	Cajun English[citation needed]	ɪ	Y

NURSE example

Accent			Realizations					Splits		Mergers
			Existing sets which make up Wells' set			Phonemic splits	Allophonic splits	Absent from Wells' sets	Present in Wells' sets	Towards NURSE		Away from NURSE		Towards a new realization
			FUR	FIR	FERN	WORSE (fictional)	BURN (fictional)	FUR-HURRy split, FIR-MIRROR split, FERN-MERRy split	NURSE-FORCE split (fictional)	HURRy-FURRy merger	NURSE-SQUAREmerger	NURSE-NORTH merger	NURSE-lettER merger[citation needed]	NURSE-START merger (fictional)
AmE		General American	ɚ~ɝ			—	—	Y	N	Y	N	N	Y	N
ScE[66]			ʌɾ	ɪɾ~ʌɾ	ɛɾ			N		( Y)			N
EnE	Northern England English[citation needed]	broadest Geordie	øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)					Y		N		Y
		Various	various								Y	N

Modest redraft

Outline

Set 1: 'a' and 'o' vowels

• not GOAT–THOUGHT merger, RP salt merger
• TRAP (trap-ham split, bad-lad split), BATH (TRAP-BATH merger), PALM (PALM-BATH merger), LOT (father-bother merger), CLOTH (LOT-CLOTH split), THOUGHT (cot-caught merger, RP salt merger, THOUGHT split, Cockney THOUGHT split pre-l), GOAT (GOAT-THOUGHT merger)

Set 2: Close front vowels

• not Meat-meet, Geordie FLEECE split, mitt-meet
• KIT (mitt-meet with colo(u)r), happY (tensing), FLEECE (meat-meet, Geordie FLEECE split)
• moved commA to central vowels section

Set 2.1: KIT mergers before nasals

• DRESS, KIT (pin-pen), TRAP (thank-think)

Set 2.15 pre-l

• Gulf-golf merger, Hull–hole merger (Doll–dole merger) | Full–fool merger, Fool–fall merger | Fill–feel merger |Salary–celery merger, Fell–fail merger
• GOAT split, GOOSE split, Vile–vial merger

Set 2.2: commA mergers; central vowels

• KIT, commA (weak-vowel merger, centralized KIT), STRUT (STRUT-commA)

Set 3: 'u' back vowels

• not STRUT–commA merger, full-fool merger
• STRUT (FOOT–STRUT split), FOOT (put-hood split), GOOSE (FOOT–GOOSE merger, full-fool merger, Geordie GOOSE split, cute)
• moved STRUT-commA to central vowels section

Set 4: non-rhotic diphthongs

• not coil-curl merger, pride-proud
• MOUTH, PRICE (pride-proud), CHOICE (line-loin merger), NURSE (coil-curl)

Set 5: Rhotic front and central vowels

• not mirror-nearer, mare-mayor
• KIT, NEAR (mirror-nearer), SQUARE (NEAR-SQUARE), NURSE (SQUARE-NURSE), lettER (NURSE-lettER)

Set 5.5:

STRUT, NURSE (Hurry–furry merger)

Set 6: Pre-r back vowels

• NORTH, FORCE (NORTH-FORCE), CURE (CURE-FORCE), NURSE (CURE-NURSE merger)

extremes of diaphonemes are ɔːr and ʊər. Pre-r back vowels

Set 7: TRAP, DRESS, FACE

met-mat, met-mate, vein-vain, pane-pain

Set 8: TRAP, LOT, COAT

wrath-roth merger, wand-hand, rod-ride, cot-coat, toe-tow

Set 9:

• PALM, START (father-farther), NORTH (card-cord)
• god-guard

Set 7: mare-mayor

SQUARE, TRAPr, DRESSr (Mary–marry–merry merger), STRUTr (Merry–Murray merger), KITr-NEAR (mirror–nearer)

First section

Accent		Diaphoneme[viii]	æ			ɑː / æ	ɑː	ɒ	ɒ / ɔː	ɔː
		Lexical set	TRAP			BATH	PALM	LOT	CLOTH[ix]	THOUGHT
		Allophones	ham	bad	lad					law	pause
American English	African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)[citation needed]	Non-Rhotic	ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯	æ~ɛː~ɛə̯			a~ä~ɑ		ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)~ɔə̯
		Rhotic
	Boston accent[citation needed]	Older	ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯[iii]	æ~ɛə̯		ä~a		ɒ~ɑ
		Younger		æ~ɛə̯			ä~a
	Cajun English[citation needed]		æ				ɑ		a
	California English[citation needed]	Northern	eə~ɛə	ɛ~æ~a~ä			ä~ɑ~ɒ
		Southern		æ~æ̞
	Chicano English[citation needed]		æ~ɛə̯~eə̯	æ			ä~a
	General American English[67][68][69]		æ~ɛə̯~eə̯[iii]				ɑ~ä		ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[x]
	Good American Speech[citation needed]		æ				ɑ̟ː	ɒ		ɔː
	Inland Northern American English[citation needed]		eə̯~ɪə̯				a~ä		ɒ~ɑ
	Miami English[citation needed]		æ				ɑ		ɑ~ɔ
	New York accent[citation needed]	Non-Rhotic	ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[iii]	æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[iii]		ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[iii]	ɑ~ä		ɔə̯~oə̯~ʊə̯
		Older
		Rhotic
	Philadelphia English[citation needed]		æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[iii]	æ		æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[iii]	ɑ		ɔə̯~ɒ̝ə̯
	Southern American English[citation needed]	Older	æɛæ~eə	æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ		æɛ~æe			ɔo̯~ɑɒ̯
		Non-Rhotic	eə̯~æjə[iii]	æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠					ɑɒ̯~ɑ
		Rhotic
Australian English[70][71]	Cultivated		æː[iv]		æ	äː		ɒ		o̞ː
	General		æː~ɛː[iv]		a̝~æ	äː~ɐː		ɒ~ɔ		oː
	Broad		æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː[iv]		æ~ɛ
Bahamian English[citation needed]			æ~a				ɑ		ɔ
Bajan English[citation needed]			a			aː		ɒ~ɑ	ɒː	ɒː~ɑː
Canadian English[72]			æ~ɛə̯[iii]	æ~a̝			ɒ~ɑ
Cameroonian English[73]			a̽					ɔ
Channel Islands English[citation needed]			æ			ɑː		ɒ	ɒː	oː~ɔː
English in England	Brummie dialect[74]		a				ɑː	ä~ɒ~ɔ̈~ɔ		o̞ː~ɔː
	English in Southern England	Cockney[citation needed]	æ~ɛ~ɛɪ		æ~ɛ	ɑː		ɒ~ɔ		ɔː~ɔ̝ə̯~ɔuə̯	oː~oʊ~ɔo
		Estuary English[citation needed]	æ~a~ɛ̞			ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː		ɒ~ɒ̈		ɔə̯~ɔː~ɔ̝ː	o̟ː~o̞ː
		Multicultural London English (MLE)[75]	ɐ̞			ɑː		ɒ~ɔ		oː
		West Country English[citation needed]	æː~aː				ɒ~ɑ			ɒː~ɔː
	English in Northern England[citation needed]	Cumbrian dialect	a~ä				äː
		Geordie	a				ɒː~ɑː	ɒ~ɑ̠		ɔː
		Lancashire dialect	a~ä				äː	ɒ~ɔ		ɒː~ɔː
		Manchester dialect
		Pitmatic
		Scouse	a				aː~ɑː	ɒ		o̞ː
		Yorkshire dialect	a~ä				äː	ɒ~ɔ		ɒː~ɔː
	Received Pronunciation (RP)	Conservative[76][77]	æ			ɑ̟ː		ɒ	o̞ː
		Standard Southern British English (SSBE)[78]	aː[iv]		a	ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː		ɔ		o̞ː
Fiji English[citation needed]			æ			a~ɑ	aː	ɔ
Hiberno-English[79]	Ulster English	Belfast	äː~a				äː~ɑː	ɒ~ɑ~ä	ɒː
		Mid-Ulster
		Traditional						äː
		Ulster Scots dialect						ɔː
	South-West Irish English		æ			æː~aː		ä	aː~ä
	Dublin English	Local
		New	a			aː		ɑ~ɒ~ɔ	ɔː	ɒː~ɔː~oː
	Standard Irish English		æ~a					ɑ	ɒ	ɒː
Indian English[80]			æ~ɛ			äː		ɔ~ɒ~ä		ɔː~ɒː
Newfoundland English[15]			æ			æː	æ~ɑː	ɑ	ɑː
New Zealand English[81][82]	Cultivated					ɐː~äː		ɒ~ɔ		oː
	General		ɛ
	Broad		ɛ̝
Palauan English[citation needed]			æ				ɑː	ɑ
Scottish English[83]			ä					ɔ
Solomon Islands English[citation needed]			ɑ~æ			ɑ	ɑː
South African English[84][85]	Cultivated		æ			ɑ̟ː		ɒ̈	ɒ̈, o̞ː	o̞ː
	General		a~æ			ɑː		ɒ̈~ʌ̈	ɒ̈~ʌ̈, oː	oː
	Broad		æ~ɛ~e̞			ɒː~ɔː		ɒ̈	ɒ̈, oː
Singapore English[86]			ɛ[87]			ä[88]		ɔ
Welsh English[89]	Abercraf English		a				aː	ɒ		ɒː
	Port Talbot English		aː[iv]		a
	Cardiff English[74]		aː~æː[iv]		a~æ		aː~æː	ɑ̟		ʌ̈ː

1. This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
2. This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
3. In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
4. See bad–lad split for this distinction.
5. This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
6. This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
7. In American accents without the cot–caught merger, CLOTH words (usually words with a vowel written ⟨o⟩ preceding the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/, e.g. off, cloth, boss, long), are pronounced with the vowel of THOUGHT, rather than the vowel of LOT as is the case in most other dialects of English, see Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), LOT, CLOTH and THOUGHT all have the same vowel.
8. This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
9. In American accents without the cot–caught merger, CLOTH words (usually words with a vowel written ⟨o⟩ preceding the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/, e.g. off, cloth, boss, long), are pronounced with the vowel of THOUGHT, rather than the vowel of LOT as is the case in most other dialects of English, see Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), LOT, CLOTH and THOUGHT all have the same vowel.
10. ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.

Second section

Accent		Diaphoneme[i]	ə	ɪ		i	iː
		Lexical set	commA	KIT		happY	FLEECE
		Allophones		bit	kit
American English	African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)[citation needed]	Non-Rhotic	ə	ɪ~iə̯		ɪ~i	i
		Rhotic
	Boston accent[citation needed]	Older		ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈		i
		Younger
	Cajun English[citation needed]			ɪ		ɪ~i
	California English[citation needed]	Northern		ɪ̞		ɪi̯~i
		Southern
	Chicano English[citation needed]			ɪ		i
	General American English[67][68][69]			ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈		ɪi̯~i
	Good American Speech[citation needed]			ɪ~ɪ̈		ɪ~ɪ̈	i
	Inland Northern American English[citation needed]					ɪi̯~i
	Miami English[citation needed]
	New York accent[citation needed]	Non-Rhotic
		Older
		Rhotic
	Philadelphia English[citation needed]					i
	Southern American English[citation needed]	Older		ɪ		ɪ	iː
		Non-Rhotic		ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯			ɪi̯~i
		Rhotic
Australian English[70][71]	Cultivated			ɪ		ɪi̯~iː
	General			ɪ~i
	Broad			i		ɪi̯~əi̯
Bahamian English[citation needed]				ɪ			ɪi̯~i
Bajan English[citation needed]				ɪ		iː
Canadian English[72]						i	ɪi̯
Cameroonian English[73]			ə~ɪ~ɛ~a̽~ɔ	ɪ~i			ɪi̯~i
Channel Islands English[citation needed]			ə	ɪ		i~iː	i
English in England	Brummie dialect[74]		ə~ɐ	ɪ~i		əi̯~i	əi̯~ɨi̯
	English in Southern England	Cockney[citation needed]		ɪ		i	əi~ɐi
		Estuary English[citation needed]	ə~ə̝	ɪ~ɪ̈		ɪi̯~iː
		Multicultural London English (MLE)[75]	ə~ɐ			iː
		West Country English[citation needed]	ə~ɔː	ɪ		ei~ɪi	ɪi
	English in Northern England[citation needed]	Cumbrian dialect	ə			i	iː, ei̯
		Geordie	ə~ɐ				ɪi
		Lancashire dialect	ə			ɪ~e
		Manchester dialect					iː
		Pitmatic				i	ɪi~iː
		Scouse					iː, ɪ̈i̯~ɪ̈ɪ̯
		Yorkshire dialect				ɪ~e	ɪi~iː
	Received Pronunciation (RP)	Conservative[76][77]		ɪ			ɪi̯
		Standard Southern British English (SSBE)[78]		ɪ̞		ɪi̯~iː
Fiji English[citation needed]			ɐ~a	ɪ		i
Hiberno-English[79]	Ulster English	Belfast	ə	ɪ̈~ë		e	iː
		Mid-Ulster
		Traditional		ə~ɘ			ɪi̯
		Ulster Scots dialect		ɛ			iː
	South-West Irish English			ɪ		iː
	Dublin English	Local
		New
	Standard Irish English
Indian English[80]
Newfoundland English[15]						i	iː
New Zealand English[81][82]	Cultivated			ɪ̈		ɪi̯
	General		ə			ɪi̯~əi̯
	Broad
Palauan English[citation needed]			ə	ɪ		i
Scottish English[83]				ɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌ		e~ɪ~i	i
Solomon Islands English[citation needed]			ə~ɐ	ɪ		i
South African English[84][85]	Cultivated		ə	ɪ			iː
	General			ɪ̈[ii]	ɪ[ii]	iː
	Broad		ə[ii]		i[ii]
Singapore English[86]			ə	ɪ~i		i
Welsh English[89]	Abercraf English			ɪ		iː
	Port Talbot English
	Cardiff English[74]			ɪ̞

1. This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
2. It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.

General form for English phonology sections on accent pages

The following table should be used, with the relevant distinctions made, and then mergers and splits detailed below.

X English vowels

Lexical set	Subset	Value
Checked vowels
TRAP
BATH
DRESS
KIT
LOT
CLOTH
FOOT
STRUT
Free vowels
PALM
FACE
FLEECE
PRICE
GOAT
CHOICE
GOOSE
MOUTH
THOUGHT
Vowels + historical /r/
START
SQUARE
NEAR
NORTH
FORCE
NURSE
CURE
Reduced vowels
commA
lettER
happY

Other projects

Dia- phoneme[i]			r / ∅	ɛə(r) / eɪ.ə(r)	aɪl / aɪ.əl	æ			æ(r)	ɑː / æ	ɑː(r)	ɑː	ɒ	ɒ / ɔː	ɔː			ə	ɪ				ɪ(r)	iː			i	eɪ			ɛ				ɛ(r)	ʌ			ʌ(r)	ʊ		uː			juː	aɪ		ɔɪ	oʊ			aʊ		ɪə(r)	ɪə(r)	ɛə(r)	ɜː(r)			ə(r)		ɔː(r)		ʊə(r)	jʊə(r)
Wells' Lexical Set			Rhoticity	Mare-mayor merger	Vile-vial merger	TRAP				BATH	START	PALM	LOT	CLOTH	THOUGHT			commA	KIT					FLEECE			happY	FACE			DRESS					STRUT				FOOT		GOOSE				PRICE		CHOICE	GOAT			MOUTH		NEAR		SQUARE	NURSE			lettER		NORTH	FORCE	CURE
Extended Lexical Set						TRAP			MARRy										KIT				MIRRor	MEET		MEAT		PANE	PAIN	FACE	DRESS				MERRy[ii]	STRUT			HURRy			THROUGH	THREW	GOOSE					TOE	TOW	GOAT			NEAR	NEARer		FUR[iii]	FIR	FERN
Allophonic Contrast						ham	bad	lad							THOUGHT	pause	fall		roses	KIT	bit (OS)	think[iv]		feel	free					fail	pen	length[citation needed]	DRESS	celery		STRUT	hull	gulf		put?	full			ruler	cute	PRICE	pride				hole/dole[v]	MOUTH	proud							lettER	donor[citation needed]			tour	pure
AmE	AAVE	Non-Rhotic				ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯	æ~ɛː~ɛə̯				ɑ~ɒ	a~ä~ɑ		ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)~ɔə̯				ə	ɪ~iə̯					i			ɪ~i	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			ɪ~iə̯, ɛ~eə̯		ɛ~eə̯			ʌ~ɜ				ʊ~ʊ̜̈~ɵ~ø̞		ʊu̯~u			(j)ʊu̯~(j)u	äɪ̯	äː~äe̯~aː	oɪ̯	ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯			æɔ̯~æə̯	æɔ̯~æə̯ or äː~äe̯~aː	iə̯~iɤ̯		ɛə̯	ɚ			ə		oə̯~ɔə̯~ɔo̯			juə̯~jʊə̯
		Rhotic									ɑɹ~ɒɹ																																											iɹ		ɛɹ	ɚ			ɚ		oɹ			juɹ~jʊɹ
	Boston accent	Younger				ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯	æ~ɛə̯				a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ)	ä~a	ɒ~ɑ						ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈								i	eɪ̯			ɛ					ʌ~ɐ				ʊ		u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯			(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯	ɐɪ̯	äɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯	oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯			ɐʊ̯	ɑ̟ʊ̯	ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ)		ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ)				əː(ɹ)		ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)	ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ)
		Older					æ~ɛə̯			ä~a																																															əː(ɹ)
	Cajun English[citation needed]					æ					ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ɑ		a					ɪ								ɪ~i	eː			ɪ	i	ɛ~æ			ʌ						u				ɑɪ̯~aː		ɔɪ̯	oː			aʊ̯~aː		i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ)		ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ)	ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ		əɹ		ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ	ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ		uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ)	juə(ɹ)~jʊə(ɹ)

Consonant table from General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages with IPA symbols (surely the table's classifications are enough evidence for broad transcription to be useful?)

		bilabial	labio- dental	inter- dental	dental/ alveolar	post-alveolar	palatal	velar	labio- velar	glottal
Stop	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩			t ⟨t⟩			k ⟨k⟩	k͡p ⟨kp⟩	ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩			d ⟨d⟩			g ⟨g⟩	ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩
Implosive		ɓ ⟨ɓ⟩			ɗ ⟨ɗ⟩		ƴ ⟨ƴ⟩
Affricate	voiceless		p͡f ⟨pf⟩	t͡f ⟨tf⟩	t͡s ⟨ts⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩			k͡f ⟨kf⟩
	voiced		b͡v ⟨bv⟩	d͡v ⟨dv⟩	d͡z ⟨dz⟩	d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩			g͡v ⟨gv⟩
Fricative	voiceless		f ⟨f⟩		s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨sh⟩		x ⟨x⟩	x͡f ⟨xf⟩	h ⟨h⟩
	voiced		v ⟨v⟩		z ⟨z⟩	ʒ ⟨zh⟩		ɣ ⟨gh⟩	ɣ͡v ⟨hv⟩
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩			n ⟨n⟩		ɲ ⟨ny⟩	ŋ ⟨ŋ⟩	ŋ͡m ⟨ŋm⟩
Lateral	approximant				l ⟨l⟩
	voiceless fric.				ɬ ⟨sl⟩
	voiced fric.				ɮ ⟨zl⟩
Vibrant		ʙ ⟨ ⟩**	ⱱ ⟨vb⟩		ɾ ⟨r⟩
Approximant		w ⟨ẅ⟩					j ⟨y⟩		w ⟨w⟩

1. Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023). "‖hlala kahle". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
2. Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023). "ibandla". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
3. Roach (2004:241–243) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFRoach2004 (help)
4. "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
5. "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
6. Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
7. Wells (1982:387) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
8. Wells (1982:422) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
9. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFScobbieGordeevaMatthews2006 (help)
10. Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCouplandThomas1990 (help)
11. Kenyon & Knott (1953) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKenyonKnott1953 (help)
12. Kenyon (1950) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKenyon1950 (help)
13. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMannellCoxHarrington2009 (help)
14. Boberg (2004) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBoberg2004 (help)
15. Wells (1982), p. 499. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
16. Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFHarringtonCoxEvans1997 (help)
17. Cox & Palethorpe (2007) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCoxPalethorpe2007 (help)
18. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMannellCoxHarrington2009 (help)
19. Bauer et al. (2007:97–102) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007 (help)
20. Bekker (2008) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBekker2008 (help)
21. Lass (2002:111–119) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLass2002 (help)
22. Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
23. Sailaja (2009:19–26) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFSailaja2009 (help)
24. Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
25. Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFHarringtonCoxEvans1997 (help)
26. Cox & Palethorpe (2007) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCoxPalethorpe2007 (help)
27. Boberg (2004) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBoberg2004 (help)
28. Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
29. Sailaja (2009:19–26) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFSailaja2009 (help)
30. Wells (1982:422) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
31. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMannellCoxHarrington2009 (help)
32. Bauer et al. (2007:97–102) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007 (help)
33. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFScobbieGordeevaMatthews2006 (help)
34. Bekker (2008) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBekker2008 (help)
35. Lass (2002:111–119) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLass2002 (help)
36. Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCouplandThomas1990 (help)
37. Kenyon & Knott (1953) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKenyonKnott1953 (help)
38. Kenyon (1950) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKenyon1950 (help)
39. Wells (1982:364) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
40. Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
41. Roach (2004:241–243) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFRoach2004 (help)
42. "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
43. "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
44. Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
45. Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
46. Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFHarringtonCoxEvans1997 (help)
47. Cox & Palethorpe (2007) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCoxPalethorpe2007 (help)
48. Boberg (2004) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBoberg2004 (help)
49. Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
50. Sailaja (2009:19–26) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFSailaja2009 (help)
51. Wells (1982:422) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
52. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMannellCoxHarrington2009 (help)
53. Bauer et al. (2007:97–102) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007 (help)
54. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFScobbieGordeevaMatthews2006 (help)
55. Bekker (2008) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBekker2008 (help)
56. Lass (2002:111–119) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLass2002 (help)
57. Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCouplandThomas1990 (help)
58. Kenyon & Knott (1953) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKenyonKnott1953 (help)
59. Kenyon (1950) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKenyon1950 (help)
60. Wells (1982:364) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
61. Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
62. Roach (2004:241–243) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFRoach2004 (help)
63. "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
64. "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
65. Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
66. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFScobbieGordeevaMatthews2006 (help)
67. Kenyon & Knott (1953) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKenyonKnott1953 (help)
68. Kenyon (1950) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKenyon1950 (help)
69. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMannellCoxHarrington2009 (help)
70. Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFHarringtonCoxEvans1997 (help)
71. Cox & Palethorpe (2007) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCoxPalethorpe2007 (help)
72. Boberg (2004) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBoberg2004 (help)
73. Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
74. Wells (1982:387) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
75. Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
76. Roach (2004:241–243) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFRoach2004 (help)
77. "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
78. "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
79. Wells (1982:422) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
80. Sailaja (2009:19–26) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFSailaja2009 (help)
81. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMannellCoxHarrington2009 (help)
82. Bauer et al. (2007:97–102) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007 (help)
83. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFScobbieGordeevaMatthews2006 (help)
84. Bekker (2008) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBekker2008 (help)
85. Lass (2002:111–119) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLass2002 (help)
86. Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
87. Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
88. Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
89. Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCouplandThomas1990 (help)

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