User:GeoWriter/sandbox3

City	Population

Largest cities of Foo, 2009 Census

City	Population
City1	540,921
City2	194,343
City3	190,414
City4	134,669
City5	114,983

Volcanic Explosivity Index

The Global Volcanism Program has assigned a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) to all except five of Kīlauea's ninety-five known eruptions of the last 11,700 years. The eruption of 1790 has a VEI of 4. The eruptions of 1820, 1924, 1959 and 1960 have a VEI of 2. The eruptions of 680, 1050, 1490, 1500, 1610, 1868, four eruptions in 1961 and the current eruption since 1983 have a VEI of 1. The other seventy-four eruptions have a VEI of 0.

Volcanic Explosivity Index for Kīlauea

VEI	Number of Holocene eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned (total=90)
VEI 0	74
VEI 1	11
VEI 2	4
VEI 3	0
VEI 4	1

According to the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, Vesuvius has had 54 confirmed "eruptive periods" during the Holocene Epoch (the last 11,700 years). A volcanic explosivity index (VEI) has been assigned to all but one of these eruptive periods.

Volcanic explosivity index for Vesuvius

VEI	Number of Holocene eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned (total=53)
VEI 0	2
VEI 1	2
VEI 2	7
VEI 3	29
VEI 4	8
VEI 5	5

Location map tests

 

 

Chicxulub crater

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Location of Chicxulub crater, Mexico

 

 

Chicxulub crater

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Location of Chicxulub crater, Mexico

 

 

Greenland's Grand Canyon

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Location of Greenland's Grand Canyon

 

 

Greenland's Grand Canyon

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Location of Greenland's Grand Canyon

 

 

Angola Basin

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Location of Angola Basin

 

 

Fueguino

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Location of Fueguino at the tip of South America

 

 

Fueguino

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Location of Fueguino near the southern tip of South America

 

Location of Tonga (red dot). The volcano is conjectured to be between Tonga and Indonesia (to the left).

Darwin Rise ___location map

 

 

Darwin Rise

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Location in the Pacific Ocean

Mid-Urals Ring Structure

 

 

Mid-Urals Ring Structure

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Location in Russia

Lake District ___location map

 

 

Lake District

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Location in England

McDonald Islands ___location map

 

 

McDonald Islands

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Location in the Indian Ocean

Danube Canyon ___location map

 

 

Danube Canyon

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Location in Europe

Cheddar Gorge ___location map

 

 

Cheddar Gorge

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Location in England

 

 

Cheddar Gorge

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Location in the United Kingdom

Volcanic Explosivity Index

The Global Volcanism Program has assigned a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) to all of Mount Etna's eruptions since January 1955.

Volcanic Explosivity Index for Mount Etna since January 1955

VEI	Number of eruptions (total=49)
VEI 0	1
VEI 1	17
VEI 2	24
VEI 3	7

Igneous rocks Template

Igneous rocks classified by silicon dioxide content

Ultrabasic <45% SiO2 Basic 45–52% SiO2 Intermediate 52–63% SiO2 Acid >63% SiO2 Komatiite, Picrite basalt, Kimberlite, Lamproite, Dunite, Harzburgite,Hornblendite, Lherzolite, Peridotite, Pyroxenite, Troctolite, Websterite, Wehrlite, Lamprophyre Basalt, Basanite, Diabase (Dolerite), Gabbro, Anorthosite, Essexite, Norite, Trachybasalt, Phonotephrite Andesite, Microdiorite, Diorite, Dacite, Microgranodiorite, Granodiorite, Boninite, Icelandite, Latite, Syenite, Monzonite, Trachyte, Basaltic andesite, Trachyandesite, Phonolite Rhyolite, Microgranite, Granite, Aplite, Granophyre, Obsidian

Mohs hardness of moldavite

There seems to be lots of disagreement about the Mohs hardness of moldavite. Here are some of the Mohs hardness values and their sources:

mohs hardness of moldavite

Source	Mohs hardness	Reference	Comments
Gemdat.org	5.5	[1]
The Drilling Manual (5th edition)edited by Australian Drilling Industry Training Committee Limited, page 607	5.5	[2]
Gemmology by Peter G. Read, page 300	5.5	[3]
Gemstones of the World by Walter Schumann, page 246	5.5	[4]
Correlation of some physical and chemical properties of moldavites by V. Bouška and P. Povondra, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 28, 1964, pages 783-791	between 6.5 and 7	[5][6]
Australian Museum	6-7	[7]	Hardness value is actually for tektites; moldavites are a type of tektite

Geothermal gradient

25-30°C per km = 25–30 °C (45–54 °F) (°F per km). Convert from km to mi by multiplying 1.6093 = 40.2–48.3 °C (72–87 °F) (°F per mi).

Hoodoo Mountain - Featured Article review

IMA Mineral name abbreviations

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anorthite&oldid=1055555462

Canary Islands eruptions table

Ordovician regional series and stages table

Ordovician regional series and stages^{[citation needed]}

ICS series	ICS stage	British series	British stage	North American series	North American stage	Australian series	Australian stage	Chinese series	Chinese stage
Upper Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnati	Gamach	Upper Ordovician	Bolinda	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian
	Katian		Rawthey		Richmond				Chientangkiang
			Cautley		Maysville		Easton		Neichiashan
			Pusgill		Eden
		Caradoc	Strefford	Mohawk	Chatfield
			Cheney
	Sandbian		Burrell		Turin		Gisborne
			Aureluc	Whiterock	Chazy
Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilo			Middle Ordovician	Darriwiliane	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian
			Abereiddy		Not defined
	Dapingian	Arenig	Fenn			Early Ordovician	Yapeen		Dapingian
			Whitland		Ranger		Castlemaine
				Ibex	Black Hills		Chewton
							Bendigo
Lower Ordovician	Floian		Moridun		Tule		Lancefield	Lower Ordovician	Floian
	Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneint		Stairs				Tremadocian
			Cressage		Skullrock

Canary Islands - Holocene Bar Chart

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

20

30

40

50

60

Before

During

After

Post mortem

•   Apple
•   Banana
•   Orange

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10,000–8,001

8,000–6,001

6,000–4,001

4,000–2,001

2,000–551

550–0

•   Tenerife
•   La Palma

Tenerife and La Palma comparison

During the last 10,000 years, Tenerife and La Palma have been the two most volcanically active Canary islands. The bar chart compares the number of volcanic eruptions (vertical y-axis) at different stages during this time span (horizontal x-axis).^[8]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10,000–8,001

8,000–6,001

6,000–4,001

4,000–2,001

2,000–551

550–0

•   Tenerife
•   La Palma

Geology of the Canary Islands - Image Gallery

Geology of the Canary Islands - Volcanic Landforms Table

Ext_Lnk

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Canary Islands Earthquakes - Interactive Map

 

Interactive, zoomable map of earthquakes of magnitude of 4.0 or larger in the Canary Islands region 1976–2024

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1. https://www.gemdat.org/gem-10860.html
2. https://books.google.com/books?id=yYu9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA607&lpg=PA607&dq=moldavite+mohs+hardness&source=bl&ots=aAYjprWB3m&sig=BGbEMkqm-ZKpsYOjOv294MGb5BY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAy7HeguLXAhWFD8AKHe6XDFs4ChDoAQhWMAw#v=onepage&q=moldavite%20mohs%20hardness&f=false
3. https://books.google.com/books?id=b-7fBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&lpg=PA319&dq=moldavite+hardness&source=bl&ots=qoxtzWZiXu&sig=uBbkyiK8WYrH2SlS0mW9tOD-9hQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLq-ammuLXAhWjLMAKHbXBB2MQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=gemmology%20read%20moldavite%20hardness&f=false
4. https://books.google.com/books?id=V9PqVxpxeiEC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=moldavite+mohs+hardness&source=bl&ots=H_L3QJAqPH&sig=6GhocLRP86RNtoYbMiCipmJ6ky4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-x5DKhuLXAhXsJ8AKHXhiDKk4ChDoAQg5MAY#v=onepage&q=moldavite%20mohs%20hardness&f=false
5. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016703764900328
6. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=moldavite+hardness&btnG=
7. https://australianmuseum.net.au/tektites
8. Spain Volcanoes – Holocene Eruptions, Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, retrieved 13 July 2024; https://volcano.si.edu/volcanolist_countries.cfm?country=Spain