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Munich Airport

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Munich Airport (Flughafen München „Franz Josef Strauß“) (IATA: MUC, ICAO: EDDM) is an international airport serving Munich and the surrounding region of Upper Bavaria. Located 28.5 km (17.7 mi) northeast of Munich near the town of Freising, it is named after former Bavarian minister-president Franz Josef Strauss.

Munich Airport

Flughafen München
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerFlughafen München GmbH
OperatorFlughafen München GmbH
ServesMunich Metropolitan Region, Upper Bavaria, parts of Austria
LocationErding and Freising, Bavaria, Germany
Opened17 May 1992; 33 years ago (1992-05-17)
Hub for
Operating base for
Elevation AMSL453 m / 1,487 ft
Coordinates48°21′14″N 011°47′10″E / 48.35389°N 11.78611°E / 48.35389; 11.78611
Websitewww.munich-airport.de
Map
MUC/EDDM is located in Bavaria
MUC/EDDM
MUC/EDDM
Location within Bavaria
MUC/EDDM is located in Germany
MUC/EDDM
MUC/EDDM
MUC/EDDM (Germany)
MUC/EDDM is located in Europe
MUC/EDDM
MUC/EDDM
MUC/EDDM (Europe)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
08R/26L 4,000 13,123 Concrete
08L/26R 4,000 13,123 Concrete
Helipads
Number Length Surface
m ft
H 30 98 Concrete
Statistics (2024)
Passengers41,560,000 Increase 12.2%
Aircraft movements327,200 Increase 8.3%
Cargo (metric tons)311,000 Increase 9.4%
Sources: ADV statistics,[2]
AIP at DFS.[3]

The airport is the second-busiest in Germany after Frankfurt Airport and the eleventh-busiest in Europe, handling 41.6 million passengers in 2024.[4] It ranked as the 39th-busiest airport worldwide that year.[5]

Munich Airport is the main hub for Lufthansa and also hosts several of its subsidiaries. It has two passenger terminals, a midfield terminal, two runways, and extensive cargo and maintenance facilities capable of handling wide-body aircraft such as the Airbus A380.

History

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Munich's previous airport, Munich-Riem Airport, operated from 1939 to 1992. By the mid-1950s, rising passenger numbers and the airport’s ___location near residential areas prompted plans for a relocation. On 5 August 1969 the Bavarian government decided to build a new airport on the Erdinger Moos plain northeast of the city. Construction began on 3 November 1980. The village of Franzheim was demolished and about 400 inhabitants resettled.[6] The airport grounds extend across four municipalities: Oberding (site of the terminals) in the district of Erding, and Hallbergmoos, Freising, and Marzling in the district of Freising.

 
An Air Toulouse Sud Aviation Caravelle at Munich Airport in 1993. The construction site of today’s Hilton Munich Airport is visible in the background.

The new airport opened on 17 May 1992, when all flights were transferred overnight from Munich-Riem, which closed the previous evening.

The facility was named after Franz Josef Strauss, Minister-President of Bavaria from 1978 until 1988, who had supported the project and promoted Bavaria as an aviation hub. Strauss, a private pilot, also served as the first chairman of the Airbus supervisory board.[7]

During construction the site was referred to as "Flughafen München II." The airport operator, Flughafen München GmbH, is jointly owned by the State of Bavaria (51%), the Federal Republic of Germany (26%), and the City of Munich (23%).[8]

Expansion and Operations

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Terminal 1 in 2001, before Terminal 2 opened

In 1996 Munich overtook Düsseldorf Airport as Germany’s second-busiest airport.[9] Passenger traffic more than doubled between 1995 and 2006, from under 15 million to over 30 million annually, despite the impact of the September 11 attacks.[10]

To accommodate growth, Terminal 2 opened in June 2003 as a dedicated facility for Lufthansa and its Star Alliance partners. In 2015, more than 40 million passengers passed through Munich Airport for the first time.[11] In 2018 the airport recorded 46.2 million passengers and 413,000 aircraft movements, serving 266 destinations.[12]

Airline Hubs

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Because of capacity constraints at Frankfurt Airport, Lufthansa developed Munich as a second hub in the 1990s, adding both short-haul and long-haul services. Munich now offers more European destinations than Frankfurt, although Frankfurt retains more intercontinental routes.[13]

In 2015 Condor announced a new long-haul base at Munich, followed later that year by Transavia opening a base with four aircraft; Transavia closed the operation in 2017.[14] In 2016 Eurowings established a base with routes operated by Air Berlin under a wet-lease agreement.[15] In 2021, Lufthansa announced it would take over most of Eurowings’ Munich services.[16]

Corporate Identity

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In November 2013 the airport introduced a new corporate design. The stylized "M" remained but adopted a different typeface and a colored dash, with animated versions installed at prominent locations such as the Terminal 2 satellite.[17]

Terminals and facilities

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Munich Airport covers 1,575 hectares (3,892 acres) of land.[18] Most facilities are located in the central area between the two parallel runways.

The western zone contains cargo and maintenance facilities, administrative buildings, parking areas, and the Visitors’ Centre. Moving east are the west apron, Terminal 1, the Munich Airport Center (MAC), Terminal 2, and the east apron.

The airport has two passenger terminals, each designed to handle tens of millions of passengers annually.[19]

 
Map of Munich Airport (including planned expansion)

Terminal 1

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Check-in area at Terminal 1B

Terminal 1 is the older of the two passenger terminals and began operation when the airport opened on 17 May 1992. It is subdivided into five modules (A–E). Modules A–D provide facilities for both departures and arrivals, while module E handles arrivals only, making each module a largely self-contained unit. Modules A and D are used for flights within the Schengen Area, while modules B and C handle non-Schengen destinations. A separate facility, Hall F, is located near Terminal 2 and serves flights requiring additional security measures, such as those to Israel. Some check-in counters for Terminal 1 flights are also located in the central area Z (German: Zentralbereich), which houses much of the terminal’s shopping, dining, and the airport’s suburban railway station.

 
Boarding gate area at Terminal 1D

The terminal’s pier is 1,081-metre (3,547-foot) long and has 21 jet bridges, including one gate equipped with three jet bridges for the Airbus A380, used by Emirates. There are also around 60 apron stands, some with specially designed bridges that allow boarding via bus transfer.

Terminal 1 today mainly accommodates airlines that are not members or partners of the Star Alliance. Major users include American Airlines, Condor, Delta Air Lines, easyJet, Eurowings, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Qatar Airways, and TUI fly Deutschland.

Terminal 2

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Check-in hall, Terminal 2

Terminal 2 opened on 29 June 2003 with an initial capacity of about 25 million passengers per year.[20] [needs update] In January 2009 an additional transfer level was introduced in response to new European Union security requirements, allowing separation of passenger flows.[21]

The terminal is primarily used by Lufthansa and its Star Alliance partners. Luxair also operates from the building, while some other airlines such as Etihad Airways use Terminal 1.[21]

 
Boarding gate area, Terminal 2 (2009)

Terminal 2 is arranged around a central plaza rather than modules, as in Terminal 1. It has two main departure levels: Level 4 (G) for Schengen flights and Level 5 (H) for non-Schengen flights, plus bus gates on Level 3. The main pier is about 980 m (3,220 ft) long and includes 24 jet bridges, with more than 70 aircraft stands on the east apron. Additional west apron stands are sometimes used, with passengers transferred by bus. The terminal is equipped to handle large aircraft such as the Airbus A380, particularly after the opening of the Terminal 2 Satellite building.[21] [needs update]

The facility is operated by Terminal-2-Betriebsgesellschaft (Terminal 2 Operating Company), a joint venture between Flughafen München GmbH (60%) and Lufthansa (40%), making it the first German terminal co-operated by an airline.[21]

Terminal 2 Satellite

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Terminal 2 Satellite under construction, February 2016

Terminal 2 was projected to reach full capacity of about 27.5 million passengers per year by 2013. Plans for an expansion were developed in cooperation with Lufthansa and its Star Alliance partners. The design allowed for additional capacity while retaining shared facilities such as check-in and baggage claim in Terminal 2, to simplify transfers within the Lufthansa and Star Alliance network.[22][23] Preparations for the project began soon after Terminal 2 opened in 2003.

The €650 million project was funded 60% by Munich Airport and 40% by Lufthansa.[24] Construction was approved in 2010 and began in 2012. The building was completed in late 2015, followed by trial operations in January 2016. It was inaugurated on 22 April 2016 and opened for passengers on 26 April 2016.[25][26][27][28]

The satellite building is 609 m long and has 125,000 m² of floor space. It provides 52 additional gates and 27 aircraft stands, 11 of which can accommodate wide-body aircraft including the Airbus A380. Facilities are divided by function: Level K for Schengen flights, Level L for non-Schengen, and a J area for apron bus boarding. The terminal includes 44 passport control stations, 24 security lanes for transfer passengers, five Lufthansa lounges, and additional restaurants and shops. As an airside-only facility, all check-in, baggage claim and public arrivals functions remain in Terminal 2. A fully automated underground people mover system by Bombardier Transportation connects Terminal 2 and the satellite.[29][30] The terminal handled its one millionth passenger in July 2016, less than three months after opening.[31] [needs update]

Plans for further expansion include extending the satellite into a T-shaped layout and a possible third terminal to the east.[32] In December 2019 Lufthansa and Flughafen München GmbH signed a letter of intent to expand the facility, with goals of supporting fuel-efficient aircraft and reaching carbon neutrality by 2030.[33] [needs update]

Munich Airport Center

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Munich Airport Center (MAC) during the annual Christmas market

The Munich Airport Center (MAC) is a shopping, business and recreation complex that links the terminals. The older Central Area (Zentralbereich), originally built as part of Terminal 1, contains a shopping mall and the Munich S-Bahn station. The newer MAC Forum, completed with Terminal 2, is a covered outdoor area with a large transparent roof.

Adjacent to the forum is the airport hotel, operated by Hilton Hotels & Resorts, designed by architect Helmut Jahn with landscape architecture by PWP Landscape Architecture. It opened in 1994.

The MAC also houses a supermarket that is permitted to trade daily from 05:30 until midnight, including Sundays, as an exemption to Bavarian retail hour restrictions (Ladenschlussgesetz).[34] [needs update]

Runways

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The airport has two parallel concrete runways, 08R/26L and 08L/26R, each 4,000 m (13,000 ft) long and 60 m (200 ft) wide, as well as one helipad.[35] [needs update] Plans for a third runway have been proposed but remain subject to political and legal debate.[36]

Parking areas

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Parking garage in front of Terminal 1

Munich Airport provides five parking garages and six underground car parks with a total capacity of around 30,000 spaces, of which about 16,500 are covered.[37] [needs update] The largest facility, garage P20 at Terminal 2, opened in 2003 with 6,400 spaces on eleven levels (four underground) and was the largest in Germany until surpassed by the car park at Allianz Arena in 2005.[38]

A parking guidance system directs drivers to available spaces. Additional premium options are offered, including valet parking, hotel-and-parking packages, oversized spaces, and secure parking areas. Short-term spaces are available east of the central area, with 30 minutes of free parking, and seasonal discounted rates are provided in the P8 garage.[39] [needs update]

Observation facilities

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Visitors Park at Munich Airport

Munich Airport operates a Visitors Park that includes a viewing hill overlooking the western apron and Terminal 1, together with a restaurant, gift shop and playground. Three historic aircraft are displayed in the park: a Lockheed Super Constellation, a Douglas DC-3 and a Junkers Ju 52. [needs update] The site is served by Munich Airport Besucherpark station.[40]

A second viewing facility is located on the roof of Terminal 2. This free observation deck features a wide glassed balcony with seating areas, offering views of the eastern apron and the Terminal 2 Satellite building. The terrace is accessible from the public (landside) area of the terminal.[41]

Airlines and destinations

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Passenger

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The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Munich Airport:[42]

AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Athens,[43] Heraklion,[44] Thessaloniki[45]
Seasonal: Kalamata[46]
Aer Lingus Dublin[47]
Seasonal: Cork[48]
Air Arabia Sharjah (begins 15 December 2025)[49]
Air Cairo Hurghada[50]
Seasonal: Marsa Alam,[51] Sharm El Sheikh[52]
Air Canada Toronto–Pearson[53]
Air China Beijing–Capital,[54] Shanghai–Pudong[55]
Air Dolomiti[56] Amsterdam,[57] Bari,[58] Billund,[59] Bologna,[58] Cluj-Napoca, Florence,[58] Genoa,[60] Kraków,[61] Milan–Linate,[58] Milan–Malpensa,[58] Nice,[59] Turin,[58] Venice,[58] Verona[58]
Seasonal: Ancona,[62] Brindisi,[63] Graz,[58] Lyon,[64] Olbia,[63] Rijeka[65]
Air Europa Madrid[66]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle[67]
airBaltic Riga,[68] Tallinn,[69] Vilnius[70]
AJet Ankara,[71] Antalya, Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen[71]
Seasonal: Kayseri,[72] Samsun,[72] Trabzon[72]
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda[73][74]
American Airlines Charlotte
arkia Tel Aviv[75]
Austrian Airlines Vienna[76]
BeOnd Seasonal: Malé[77][78][79]
British Airways London–Heathrow[80]
Brussels Airlines Brussels[81]
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong[82]
Condor[83][84] Frankfurt,[85] Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Hurghada, Lanzarote, La Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Tenerife–South
Seasonal: Agadir,[86] Alicante,[citation needed] Antalya,[87] Chania,[citation needed] Corfu,[citation needed] Faro,[87] Funchal,[citation needed] Heraklion,[88] Ibiza,[citation needed] Jerez de la Frontera,[citation needed] Kalamata,[citation needed] Kavala,[citation needed] Kefalonia,[citation needed] Kos,[88] Lamezia Terme,[citation needed] Málaga,[87] Mykonos,[citation needed] Olbia,[citation needed] Preveza/Lefkada,[citation needed] Rhodes,[88] Samos,[citation needed] Santorini,[citation needed] Skiathos,[citation needed] Split,[citation needed] Volos,[citation needed] Zakynthos[89]
Charter: Pristina[90]
Corendon Airlines Seasonal: Antalya,[91] Hurghada[92]
Croatia Airlines Osijek,[93] Split,[94] Zadar,[95] Zagreb[96]
Seasonal: Brač,[97] Dubrovnik,[citation needed] Rijeka[98]
DAT Paderborn/Lippstadt (begins 1 September 2025)[99]
Delta Air Lines Atlanta
Seasonal: Detroit[citation needed]
Discover Airlines[100][101] Gran Canaria,[102] Lanzarote,[103] Larnaca (begins 29 March 2026),[104] Marrakesh,[105] Tenerife–South[102]
Seasonal: Bodø,[106] Bodrum,[107] Burgas,[108] Calgary,[109] Chania,[110] Corfu,[107] Djerba,[111] Fuerteventura,[112] Funchal,[112] Harstad/Narvik (begins 13 May 2026),[104] Heraklion,[107] Hurghada,[112] Ibiza,[107] Jerez de la Frontera,[107] Kalamata,[111] Kefalonia,[111] Kos,[110] La Palma (begins 26 October 2025),[113] Marsa Alam,[114] Menorca,[111] Monastir,[111] Mykonos,[107] Orlando,[109] Palma de Mallorca,[107] Preveza/Lefkada,[115] Punta Cana (resumes 26 October 2025),[116] Reykjavik–Keflavík,[108] Rhodes,[105] Samos,[110] Santorini,[107] Skiathos (begins 14 May 2026),[104] Varna,[111] Windhoek–Hosea Kutako,[109] Zakynthos[107]
easyJet Bristol (begins 26 October 2025),[117] London–Gatwick,[118] Manchester,[119] Milan–Malpensa, Naples,[120] Rome–Fiumicino[121]
Egyptair Cairo[122]
El Al Tel Aviv[123]
Electra Airways Seasonal: Burgas,[citation needed] Varna[124][125]
Emirates Dubai–International[126]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi[127]
Eurowings[128] Cologne/Bonn,[129] Düsseldorf,[130] Hamburg,[131] Palma de Mallorca,[132] Pristina[133]
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan[134]
Finnair Helsinki[135]
FlyErbil[136] Erbil
FlyOne Bucharest–Otopeni (begins 27 October 2025),[137] Chișinău[138]
Freebird Airlines Seasonal: Antalya[139]
Gulf Air Bahrain[140]
Iberia Madrid[141]
Icelandair Reykjavik–Keflavík[142]
ITA Airways Milan–Linate,[143] Rome–Fiumicino[144]
KLM Amsterdam[145]
KM Malta Airlines Malta[146]
Kuwait Airways Kuwait
Leav Aviation Seasonal: Arvidsjaur[147]
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin[148]
Lufthansa Alicante,[149] Amsterdam,[149] Ancona,[60] Athens,[149] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[150] Barcelona,[149] Basel/Mulhouse,[149] Beijing–Capital,[151] Belgrade,[149] Bengaluru,[152] Berlin,[149] Bilbao,[149] Billund,[63] Birmingham,[149] Bordeaux,[153] Boston,[154] Bremen,[149] Brussels,[149] Bucharest–Otopeni,[149] Budapest,[58] Cairo, Catania,[149] Charlotte,[155] Chicago–O'Hare,[155] Cluj-Napoca,[149] Cologne/Bonn,[149] Copenhagen,[149] Debrecen,[149] Delhi,[155] Denver,[155] Dresden,[149] Dubai–International,[156] Dublin,[149] Düsseldorf,[149] Edinburgh,[149] Faro,[149] Frankfurt,[149] Funchal, Gdańsk,[149] Gothenburg,[149] Graz,[60] Hamburg,[153] Hanover,[149] Helsinki,[149] Katowice, Kraków,[149] Larnaca (ends 28 March 2026),[149][104] Leipzig/Halle,[149] Lisbon,[149] Ljubljana,[149] London–Heathrow,[149] Los Angeles,[157] Luxembourg,[149] Lyon,[149] Madrid,[149] Málaga,[149] Manchester,[149] Marseille,[149] Mexico City,[155] Milan–Linate (resumes 26 October 2025),[158] Milan–Malpensa,[149] Montréal–Trudeau,[159] Mumbai,[159] Münster/Osnabrück,[149] Nantes,[160][161] Naples,[149] New York–JFK,[155] Newark,[159] Nice,[149] Oradea,[162] Osaka–Kansai,[155] Oslo,[149] Oulu,[163][160] Palermo,[149] Palma de Mallorca,[149] Paris–Charles de Gaulle,[149] Porto,[149] Poznań,[149] Prague,[149] Riyadh (resumes 26 October 2025),[164] Rome–Fiumicino,[149] Rzeszów,[149] San Diego,[165][155] San Francisco,[155] Seattle/Tacoma,[166][155] Seoul–Incheon,[155] Shanghai–Pudong,[151] Sibiu,[149] Singapore,[167] Sofia,[149] Stockholm–Arlanda,[149] Stuttgart,[149] Tbilisi,[149] Tel Aviv,[168] Timișoara,[149] Tokyo–Haneda,[155] Toulouse,[149] Trondheim,[169][170] Tunis, Turin, Valencia,[149] Vancouver,[155] Vienna,[149] Warsaw–Chopin,[149] Washington–Dulles,[155] Wrocław,[149] Zagreb,[149] Zürich[149]
Seasonal: Asturias,[161] Bastia,[63] Bergen,[63] Biarritz,[63] Cagliari,[63] Cape Town,[155] Corfu,[171] Dubrovnik,[63] Heraklion,[171] İzmir,[172] Jersey,[63] Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo,[155] London–Stansted (begins 19 September 2025),[173] Kalamata,[citation needed] Kittilä,[149] Malta,[149] Menorca,[citation needed] Miami,[155] Mykonos,[63] Olbia,[63] Preveza/Lefkada,[115] Pula,[63] Rhodes,[171] Santorini,[174] São Paulo–Guarulhos,[175] Seville,[149] Split,[63] Sylt,[63] Tallinn,[58] Tirana,[63] Tivat,[176][better source needed] Toronto–Pearson,[177] Tromsø,[178][better source needed] Zadar,[63] Zakynthos[179]
Lumiwings Seasonal: Foggia[180]
Luxair Luxembourg[181]
Nesma Airlines Charter: Hurghada[182]
Nile Air Seasonal charter: Hurghada[183]
Norwegian Air Shuttle Copenhagen,[184] Oslo[185]
Seasonal: Alicante,[186] Málaga,[186] Rovaniemi,[187] Stockholm–Arlanda,[188] Tromsø (begins 26 October 2025)[189]
Nouvelair Djerba,[190] Monastir
Seasonal: Tunis[citation needed]
Oman Air Muscat[191]
Pegasus Airlines Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen[192]
Seasonal: Antalya,[139] İzmir[193]
Qatar Airways Doha
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca (begins 20 October 2025)[194]
Saudia Jeddah, Riyadh
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen,[195] Oslo,[196] Stockholm–Arlanda
SCAT Airlines Şymkent[197]
Singapore Airlines Singapore
Sky Alps Seasonal: Mostar[198]
Sky Express Athens[199]
SmartLynx Airlines Seasonal charter: Ras Al Khaimah[200]
Somon Air Dushanbe[201][202][203]
SunExpress Ankara,[204] Antalya,[205] İzmir[204]
Seasonal: Adana/Mersin,[206] Bodrum,[207] Dalaman,[204] Gaziantep,[208] Kayseri,[citation needed] Samsun[208]
Swiss International Air Lines Geneva,[209] Zürich[210]
TAP Air Portugal Lisbon
Thai Airways International[211] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Transavia Paris–Orly[212]
Travelcoup Seasonal: Ibiza,[213] Palma de Mallorca,[213] Zürich[213]
TUI fly Deutschland Boa Vista,[214] Fuerteventura,[214] Gran Canaria,[214] Hurghada,[214] Lanzarote,[214] Palma de Mallorca, Sal,[214] Tenerife–South[214]
Seasonal: Corfu,[215] Dalaman,[215] Djerba,[citation needed] Heraklion,[215] Jerez de la Frontera,[215] Kos,[215] Marsa Alam,[214] Menorca,[215] Patras,[215] Rhodes[215]
Tunisair Djerba, Monastir, Tunis
Turkish Airlines Istanbul[216]
United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, San Francisco, Washington–Dulles
Uzbekistan Airways Tashkent[217]
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi,[218] Ho Chi Minh City[218]
Vueling[219] Barcelona[220]
Widerøe Bergen[221][222][223]

Cargo

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AirlinesDestinations
DHL Aviation[224] Leipzig/Halle
FedEx Express[225] Cologne/Bonn, Milan–Malpensa, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Tel Aviv
Lufthansa Cargo[226] Istanbul
Qatar Airways Cargo[227][228] Bengaluru, Chicago/Rockford, Doha, London–Heathrow, Milan–Malpensa
UPS Airlines[229] Cologne/Bonn

Statistics

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Annual traffic

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Annual passenger traffic
Year Passengers % change
2000 23,125,872  
2001 23,646,900   2.2%
2002 23,163,720   2.0%
2003 24,193,304   4.4%
2004 26,814,505   10.8%
2005 28,619,427   6.7%
2006 30,757,978   7.5%
2007 33,959,422   10.4%
2008 34,530,593   1.7%
2009 32,681,067   5.4%
2010 34,721,605   6.2%
2011 37,763,701   8.7%
2012 38,360,604   1.6%
2013 38,672,644   0.8%
2014 39,700,515   2.7%
2015 40,998,553   3.3%
2016 42,277,920   3.1%
2017 44,546,263   5.4%
2018 46,253,623   3.8%
2019 47,959,885   3.7%
2020 11,120,224   76.8%
2021 12,496,432   12.4%
2022 31,642,738   153.2%
2023 37,037,070   17.0%
2024 41,568,000   12.2%

Source: Munich Airport[230][231] [needs update]

Busiest routes

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All figures below are for 2020, reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[232] [needs update]

Busiest domestic routes from Munich (2020)
Rank Airport Passengers Main airlines
1 Hamburg 271,704 Eurowings, Lufthansa
2 Berlin–Tegel (closed 2020) 219,586 Lufthansa
3 Düsseldorf 215,028 Eurowings, Lufthansa
4 Frankfurt 170,653 Lufthansa
5 Cologne/Bonn 117,261 Eurowings, Lufthansa
Busiest European routes from Munich (2020)
Rank Airport Passengers Main airlines
1 London–Heathrow 156,903 British Airways, Lufthansa
2 Amsterdam 129,741 Eurowings, KLM, Lufthansa, Transavia
3 Paris–Charles de Gaulle 119,506 Air France, Lufthansa
4 Madrid 102,736 Air Europa, Iberia, Lufthansa
5 Athens 97,928 Aegean Airlines, Lufthansa
6 Rome–Fiumicino 93,632 Alitalia, Lufthansa
7 Barcelona 88,487 Lufthansa, Vueling
8 Stockholm–Arlanda 76,405 Lufthansa, Norwegian, SAS
9 Copenhagen 72,981 Lufthansa, Norwegian, SAS
10 Lisbon 72,946 Lufthansa, TAP Air Portugal
Busiest intercontinental routes from Munich (2020)
Rank Airport Passengers Main airlines
1 Dubai International 76,353 Emirates, Lufthansa
2 Doha 48,104 Qatar Airways
3 Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi 39,402 Lufthansa, Thai Airways
4 Abu Dhabi 37,895 Etihad Airways
5 Newark 37,813 Lufthansa, United Airlines
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Historic aircraft at the Visitors Park
 
Maintenance hangar of Lufthansa Technik
 
Control tower at Munich Airport
 
Lufthansa aircraft at Terminal 2
 
Headquarters of Flughafen München GmbH

Facilities

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Munich Airport hosts several aviation-related operations. Lufthansa maintains a Flight Operations Center for crews based at its secondary hub,[233] and its subsidiary Lufthansa CityLine moved its administration offices from Cologne to the airport in 2014.[234] Lufthansa Technik operates a maintenance facility able to service wide-body aircraft, including the Boeing 747.[235]

Two hotels are located on the airport grounds. The Hilton Munich Airport, originally opened as the Kempinski Hotel Airport Munich and rebranded on 31 December 2014,[236] is situated near Terminal 2, while a Novotel serves the long-term parking area.[237] Additional accommodation is available in nearby communities.

In 2010 Audi opened a training facility for its retailers on airport property, with designated apron areas used for driving instruction.[238]

The German airline DBA, originally Deutsche BA, previously maintained its head office at the airport and in nearby Hallbergmoos.[239]

The helicopter operations division of the Bavarian State Police (Hubschrauberstaffel Bayern) is based at the airport.[240]

Environment

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Munich Airport from the International Space Station, c. 2010

Since November 2005, Munich Airport has held a certified environmental management system under ISO 14001 and the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). The airport also participated in the Air Transport Initiative for Germany alongside Fraport, Deutsche Flugsicherung and Lufthansa. Within this framework it developed a "four-pillar strategy" aimed at reducing emissions, improving infrastructure efficiency, optimizing operations and creating economic incentives.[241] [needs update]

Landscape

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Environmental and nature-conservation aspects were incorporated into the original planning of the site. At the time of opening, about 70% of the grounds were landscaped; today roughly 925 of the airport’s 1,575 hectares remain planted (around 60%).[242] [needs update] The design took account of the surrounding Erdinger Moos wetlands while also limiting features that attract birds in order to reduce bird strike risk. A 230-acre (93 ha) green belt was established as part of the required compensation areas, which today extend to more than 600 acres (240 ha).[243] Environmental groups, however, have criticised the overall land consumption of the airport and argue that compensation areas are insufficient.[244]

Water

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Construction in the Erdinger Moos required lowering local groundwater levels through drainage works, while existing streams were redirected around or under the site. Airport wastewater and rainwater are returned to the water cycle through an extensive system of sewers, pumping stations and treatment facilities. De-icing chemicals such as glycol are collected in winter and treated biologically before release.[245] [needs update]

Noise

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Runways were built to 4,000 metres to reduce the need for thrust reversal on landing, though this is partly offset by longer taxi times. A dedicated test hall is used for engine runs, and tests after 23:00 require approval by air traffic control. Airport charges are linked to aircraft noise levels, and 16 fixed monitoring stations track compliance.[246] [needs update]

Night flights are subject to restrictions. Arrivals and departures are banned between 22:00 and 06:00, with exemptions for mail services, emergency operations and flights authorised by the Bavarian Ministry for Economic Affairs. Limited scheduled flights are permitted under specific conditions between 22:00–24:00 and 05:00–06:00.[247] Local residents have long protested against aircraft noise, particularly at night. [needs update]

Energy

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Most of the airport’s electricity and heat is supplied by a combined heat and power plant with a generating capacity of 18.5 MW. Surplus heat is stored and reused, and in summer drives absorption chillers. The airport also connects to the regional district heating network.[241] [needs update]

A photovoltaic system installed on the roof of Terminal 2 in 2003 generates about 445,000 kWh annually, equivalent to the usage of roughly 150 households.[248] [needs update] Additional facilities include a biofuel filling station for airport and service vehicles.[241] [needs update]

Bird sanctuary

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The northern part of the Erdinger Moos remains an important habitat for grassland birds such as the northern lapwing, Eurasian curlew and occasional winter visitors like the hen harrier. This area is designated as a bird sanctuary under the EU Birds Directive.

Despite preventive measures, conflicts persist between aviation safety and wildlife protection, and rare birds are occasionally killed by aircraft movements. Plans for a third runway would reduce areas of open grassland within the sanctuary, a proposal criticised by conservation groups.[249] [needs update]

Emergency services

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Police

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Eurocopter EC135 of the Bavarian State Police at Munich Airport

Responsibility for passenger and operational security lies with the Federal Police, units of the Bavarian State Police (Munich Airport Police Inspection, Police Headquarters Upper Bavaria North), and the security department of Flughafen München GmbH.[250] The airport police station is located at Nordallee 6. Officers are trained for aviation-related incidents.

The Bavarian police helicopter unit is also based at the airport, operating five Eurocopter EC135 helicopters. A relocation of the unit to Schleißheim Airport was planned for 2020. [needs update]

An explosives disposal chamber is located on the airport grounds.[citation needed]

Fire department

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Fire engine of Munich Airport Fire Department

The airport maintains its own fire department with two stations near the runways and a fleet of 32 fire engines. The service is positioned to provide rapid response across the airfield. In major incidents, fire departments from surrounding municipalities can provide additional support; the airport fire service also assists local fire departments in large-scale incidents.

Fire department missions
Year Total missions* Fires Technical assistance False alarms
2013 3,997 104 1,754 2,139
2012 3,613 107 1,717 1,789
2011 3,582 118 1,831 1,633
2010 3,946 128 2,070 1,748
2009 3,254 118 1,599 1,537
2008 2,999 107 1,389 1,503
2007 2,651 116 1,328 1,207
2006 3,011 123 1,052 1,209
2005 2,095 127 1,103 1,116
2004 2,704 119 950 1,103

*Includes other deployments such as training exercises and guided tours. [needs update]

Ambulance service

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Emergency medical services at the airport are provided by the Malteser Hilfsdienst under a public service contract. A rescue vehicle is available around the clock and may also respond to calls outside the airport area. Additional regional or supraregional rescue services are dispatched by the regional control center, which coordinates emergency responses across the area.

An emergency physician from the airport medical center is available on site and responds when required.

Ground transportation

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Road

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Munich Airport is accessible via nearby Motorway A 92, which connects to motorway A9 (towards Nuremberg) and Munich's ring motorway A99. Bavarian State Road St. 2584 connects A 92's exit 6 (Flughafen München)—an incomplete interchange that can only be used by traffic to and from the west—to the terminals. Access from the east is possible via exit 8 (Freising Ost) and Bavarian State Road St. 2580, which connects to St. 2584 in the east of the airport.

The north-southbound so-called "Flughafentangente Ost" ( literally: airport tangential road east) between A92 and A94 was finally opened in 2010 [251] with a single lane in each direction. Originally, it was planned to be opened as expressway simultaneously with the new Airport. Gradually, the accident-prone road shall be selectively upgraded from 2021 on to two alternating lanes per direction.[252]

It can be reached by bicycle on national highway 301 ("B301") and an airport road branching from this highway into the airport area.

Suburban railway

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A S-Bahn train leaving the tunnel beneath the apron of Terminal 1

There are two railway stations on the grounds of Munich Airport: Munich Airport Terminal station is located in a tunnel directly beneath the central area between both passenger terminals. A second station called Besucherpark (German for Visitors' Park) is located in the area that contains the cargo and maintenance areas, long-term parking, administrative buildings and the Visitors' Park from which the station gets its name.

The airport is connected to the city by Munich suburban railway (S-Bahn) lines S1 and S8. The ride takes approximately 45 minutes to the Marienplatz station in the city centre. Line S1 runs from the airport through the northwestern suburbs and reaches the city centre from the west (Hauptbahnhof – Marienplatz – München Ost), while line S8 comes in from the eastern suburbs passing the stations from the opposite direction. The S-Bahn from the airport to the city runs approximately 20 hours a day with a short break between 1:30 a.m. and 4 a.m.[253]

Furthermore, a scheduled regional bus service 635 connects the airport within 20 minutes to the Freising railway station, providing access to regional trains towards Munich as well as to Nuremberg, Regensburg and Prague.

A second tunnel beneath the terminals is currently unused. Originally, there were plans to use it for intercity railway, then for a Transrapid maglev train making the trip to München Hauptbahnhof in 10 minutes. However, this project was cancelled in March 2008 due to cost escalation. Discussions regarding a faster connection between Munich city centre and the airport have fruitlessly taken place for several years, as the journey time of 40–60 minutes faces ongoing criticism.[254] Even a rudimentary express suburban railway service is not in sight.[255]

Regional railway services

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As of September 2015, construction works to connect the airport with regional railway services of Deutsche Bahn to and from the north-east had started.[256] This project, called Neufahrner Kurve (Neufahrn curve after the nearby town of Neufahrn bei Freising), saw the existing southwest-bound S-Bahn tracks being expanded with a curve leading to the north, connecting them with the already existing tracks of the Munich-Regensburg line. This new connection enabled hourly regional express train services from Regensburg via Landshut directly to the airport without the need to use a connecting bus coming from the north or to go to Munich city center at first and then backtracking to the airport. The entire project was completed in November 2018.[257] On 9 December 2018, the new hourly service, Flughafenexpress (airport express) between Regensburg and Munich Airport commenced.

Bus

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MVV regional bus lines connect the airport to the nearby city of Freising as well as Erding and Markt Schwaben. Lufthansa Airport Bus provides an alternative to the S-Bahn, stopping at Nordfriedhof U-Bahn station and Munich Central Station.[258]

INVG proposes a direct express coach service between the airport and Ingolstadt; during the summer season an hourly service is offered whereas a less frequent timetable-based service is proposed during the remainder of the year. Stops served at the airport are terminal 2 and the centrally located Airport Center. In Ingolstadt the service serves Ingolstadt Nord station, which allows connection to regional rail services including to and from Nuremberg.[citation needed]

Public transport projects

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Since the early 1990s, several proposals have aimed to improve rail access to Munich Airport. Deutsche Bundesbahn initially studied four concepts for connecting the airport to the ICE network at a cost of 500 million to 2 billion Deutsche Mark, but these plans were abandoned in favor of strengthening regional rail links to Munich Hauptbahnhof.[259]

Airport Express (S-Bahn)

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After the cancellation of the proposed Transrapid maglev link, alternative concepts were developed using existing railway infrastructure with limited upgrades.

One such plan, colloquially known as the "Humpel-Express," would have operated on the Munich–Regensburg railway and S1 line with few intermediate stops.[260] Trains were intended to run at speeds up to 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph) every 15 minutes between Hauptbahnhof and the airport. The proposal faced obstacles including extended road closures at level crossings in Fasanerie and Feldmoching, the need for a new alignment through several municipalities, and the construction of a viaduct over the federal highway B471. Public opposition and funding concerns led to the project being abandoned.[261]

A revised Airport Express service is now planned in conjunction with the construction of the second S-Bahn trunk line. Trains would stop only at Marienhof between Hauptbahnhof and Ostbahnhof, reducing travel time to about 30 minutes. Deutsche Bahn has also proposed a four-track underground extension from Leuchtenbergring to Hallbergmoos, which would eliminate bottlenecks at intermediate stations and further reduce journey times to an estimated 15–18 minutes.[262]

U-Bahn connections

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Extensions of the Munich U-Bahn to connect with S-Bahn lines serving the airport have also been considered. These would shorten travel times from northern districts of Munich by providing faster access to the S1 line.

In 1996 the opening of the U2 terminus at Feldmoching improved access from Milbertshofen-Am Hart and Feldmoching-Hasenbergl. In 1998 an additional connection was completed near Neufahrn, and in 2010 the extension of the U3 to Moosach linked Schwabing-West and Neuhausen-Nymphenburg directly to the S1 line.[263] A further extension of the U6 from Garching to Neufahrn remains under discussion.

Erdinger Ring connections

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Map of the Erdinger Ring connections with the Walpertskirchen link and Neufahrn Link
 
Construction work on the Neufahrn Link

The Erdinger Ring project extends the S2 line from Erding towards the airport and provides a connection to Freising via the Neufahrn Link. It is intended to create a regional rail link between eastern Bavaria—including cities such as Moosburg and Landshut—and Munich Airport. Although the project does not reduce travel time to the city center, it establishes a direct link to Messe München by routing the S2 north of the exhibition center.

A related project, the Walpertskirchener Spange, would connect the line from Mühldorf am Inn to Erding and Dorfen.

Formal planning for both projects began in 2006. In October 2012 approval was granted for the Neufahrn Link, and on 29 August 2013 the Bavarian Administrative Court dismissed legal challenges, clearing the way for construction. A financing agreement was signed in April 2013, and the 2.5 km electrified double-track section was completed by December 2018, when direct services to Regensburg and Landshut commenced.[264]

Proposed third runway

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Plans have been advanced for the construction of a third runway at Munich Airport. The new 4,000-metre (13,000 ft) runway would run parallel to the existing ones and be located northeast of the current north runway.

Rationale

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Between 1997 and 2006 air traffic at Munich grew on average by about 7% per year, and capacity at the two existing runways was reported to be exhausted during peak hours. Airlines seeking new slots at Munich were often denied.[265] A forecast by Intraplan Consult GmbH projected 58.2 million passengers by 2025, assuming continued growth.[266]

According to Flughafen München GmbH (FMG), the operator, a third runway would increase maximum capacity from about 90 to 120 aircraft movements per hour and help position Munich as Germany’s second major hub after Frankfurt Airport.[267]

The plan approval decision by the government of Upper Bavaria in 2011 was supported by the airport’s shareholders (the State of Bavaria, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the City of Munich) and by several business associations, who argued that the expansion was important for regional transport and the economy.[268]

Opposition

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The proposal has been controversial, especially in the districts of Freising and Erding, but also in other surrounding counties.[269][270] Critics questioned the airport’s traffic forecasts, arguing that demand could be met by operating larger aircraft rather than building new infrastructure.[271]

Opponents formed the alliance *aufgeMUCkt*, an umbrella organization of more than 80 groups including citizens’ initiatives, church groups, and environmental organizations. The campaign was supported by the Bavarian branch of BUND.[272] Demonstrations have been held regularly, including a protest in Munich’s Marienplatz on 29 October 2011 with an estimated 7,000 participants.[273] The Catholic Church, which owns some affected land, also announced that it would not sell property for the project.[274]

edit

The airport operator submitted its application for planning approval in 2007. During the public review period, more than 60,000 objections were filed. In July 2011 the government of Upper Bavaria granted zoning approval, confirming the need for additional capacity. At the same time, the Bavarian Administrative Court rejected lawsuits against the decision, allowing the plan to proceed. The permit is valid for up to 15 years.[275]

In 2012 a local referendum in Munich rejected the project, leading the city (one of the airport’s three shareholders) to withhold approval. In 2015 Germany’s Federal Administrative Court dismissed all remaining complaints and confirmed the legal validity of the expansion plans.[276] However, construction cannot begin without the consent of all three shareholders: the State of Bavaria, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the City of Munich.

In September 2020 the Bavarian government suspended all progress on the third runway until at least 2028, citing the sharp decline in passenger numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic.[277]

If built, the new runway would be designated 08L/26R under ICAO rules (renaming the current north runway 08C/26C). Plans also include a satellite terminal at Terminal 2, which opened in April 2016.

See also

edit

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